“…Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is an endogenous bile acid that has been shown to dissolve gallstone (Park et al, 2020;Haal et al, 2021); treat cholestasis (Leoni et al, 2018;Marschall, 2019;Razori et al, 2019;Chappell et al, 2020;Linhares et al, 2020;Haal et al, 2021;Kato et al, 2022), biliary pancreatitis (Rose et al, 1991;Testoni et al, 2000;Byelyayeva, 2015), primary cholangitis (Carbone et al, 2018;Deneau et al, 2019;Cacciato et al, 2020;Qian et al, 2020;Yao et al, 2020;Yu et al, 2021), colitis (colon cancer) (Eun-Kyung et al, 2017;He et al, 2022), (non)alcoholic hepatitis (Khachidze, 2019;Wu et al, 2020;Xie et al, 2022), primary biliary cirrhosis (van der Feen et al, 2016;Ye et al, 2019;Colombo et al, 2021), and drug-induced hepatitis (Karim and Yesmin, 2020); and improve liver transplantation outcomes (Harms et al, 2019;Kato et al, 2022), while gut microbiotaderived UDCA also attenuates colon inflammation in low-birth-weight infants by enhancing macrophage M2 polarization (Pi et al, 2022). In recent years, it has been found that UDCA can also mediate and influence the regulation of oncogenic signaling pathways in the cancer genome for cancer therapy (Goossens and Bailly, 2019;Lugini et al, 2022); it can specifically regulate the threshold of apoptosis, inhibit cancer cell growth (Eun-Kyung et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2022), and induce autophagy and apoptosis (Lim...…”