Abstract:BackgroundSevere Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) is an aggressive form of tooth decay in preschool children affecting quality of life and nutritional status. The purpose was to determine whether there is an association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and S-ECC.MethodsChildren with S-ECC were recruited on the day of their slated dental surgery under general anesthesia. Age-matched, caries-free controls were recruited from the community. All children were participating in a larger study on nutrition and S-ECC. Anal… Show more
“…As previously reported 16 , this group had lower than expected IQ. Although IQ is not a proxy for learning potential, impairments of cognitive development, including those associated with very preterm birth, are expected to impede academic achievement 21,22 .…”
supporting
confidence: 85%
“…Neuropsychological correlates were examined using 12 of the measures included in the original follow-up test battery 16 . Five composite measures were created by averaging the standard scores across each pair of test measures to reduce the number of variables included in the analyses.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…After taking general intelligence into consideration, a number of neuropsychological functions appear to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of preterm birth 1,4,16 . There is a growing literature on the link between specific neurocognitive functions and academic achievement in children born very preterm.…”
Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine the risks associated with learning disabilities (LD) in a large sample of children born extremely preterm. We predicted higher than expected rates of LD, particularly in math, and children with LD in math, reading, or both would have lower IQs and specific patterns of neuropsychological deficits.
Method
We evaluated academic achievement, rates of LD, and their neuropsychological correlates in the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn (ELGAN) Study cohort of 10-year-old children born at 23 to 27 weeks gestational age. Primary analyses focused on children without intellectual disability (verbal IQ > 70 and nonverbal IQ > 70; N=668). Low achievement was defined as a standard score ≤ 85 on the reading or math measures.
Results
The risk of low math achievement scores (27%) was 1.5 times higher than the risk of low reading achievement scores (17%). Children were classified as having LD based on low achievement criteria in reading only (RD, 6.4% of sample), math only (MD, 16.2%), both reading and math (RD/MD, 8.3%), or no reading or math disabilities (No LD, 69.1%). Although all three LD groups had multiple neuropsychological weaknesses compared to the No LD group, the RD and MD groups had different patterns of neuropsychological impairment.
Conclusion
These children from the ELGAN cohort had higher than expected rates of LD, particularly in mathematics, even after taking socioeconomic status into consideration. These results point to specific cognitive weaknesses that differ between extremely preterm children with RD and MD and the utility of neuropsychological assessments in addressing low academic achievement.
“…As previously reported 16 , this group had lower than expected IQ. Although IQ is not a proxy for learning potential, impairments of cognitive development, including those associated with very preterm birth, are expected to impede academic achievement 21,22 .…”
supporting
confidence: 85%
“…Neuropsychological correlates were examined using 12 of the measures included in the original follow-up test battery 16 . Five composite measures were created by averaging the standard scores across each pair of test measures to reduce the number of variables included in the analyses.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…After taking general intelligence into consideration, a number of neuropsychological functions appear to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of preterm birth 1,4,16 . There is a growing literature on the link between specific neurocognitive functions and academic achievement in children born very preterm.…”
Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine the risks associated with learning disabilities (LD) in a large sample of children born extremely preterm. We predicted higher than expected rates of LD, particularly in math, and children with LD in math, reading, or both would have lower IQs and specific patterns of neuropsychological deficits.
Method
We evaluated academic achievement, rates of LD, and their neuropsychological correlates in the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn (ELGAN) Study cohort of 10-year-old children born at 23 to 27 weeks gestational age. Primary analyses focused on children without intellectual disability (verbal IQ > 70 and nonverbal IQ > 70; N=668). Low achievement was defined as a standard score ≤ 85 on the reading or math measures.
Results
The risk of low math achievement scores (27%) was 1.5 times higher than the risk of low reading achievement scores (17%). Children were classified as having LD based on low achievement criteria in reading only (RD, 6.4% of sample), math only (MD, 16.2%), both reading and math (RD/MD, 8.3%), or no reading or math disabilities (No LD, 69.1%). Although all three LD groups had multiple neuropsychological weaknesses compared to the No LD group, the RD and MD groups had different patterns of neuropsychological impairment.
Conclusion
These children from the ELGAN cohort had higher than expected rates of LD, particularly in mathematics, even after taking socioeconomic status into consideration. These results point to specific cognitive weaknesses that differ between extremely preterm children with RD and MD and the utility of neuropsychological assessments in addressing low academic achievement.
“…A third showed that the technology could be employed after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer distorted the anatomy 57 . The technology was useful in the management of OSA in a patient with Down’s syndrome, where CPAP therapy adherence is very, very low 58 . Finally there is a report of normalization of AHI which illustrated that HNS could be used in Stanford model of progression in those who did not respond to Phase I and II procedures used in this center 59 .…”
Section: Clinical Management In the Post-approval Eramentioning
Purpose
The literature on hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was reviewed from 2014, the time of FDA approval for the Inspire Systems device, to 2017 for themes that might be useful conceptually and practically in the consideration of this new non-anatomic surgical therapy.
Recent Findings
there are now further follow-up articles since the 12-month results for Apnea Reduction (STAR) trial of the Inspire device, and post-approval publications which report similar and/0r improved AHI outcomes. Other emerging themes include drug-induced sedation endoscopy (DISE) as a tool in assessment of eligibility and a more detailed understanding of mechanisms for an HNS effects.
Summary
The post-STAR literature provides guidelines for an integrated coordination of medicine and surgery to appropriately screen and manage patients.
“…25 Another study conducted in Manitoba showed that significantly more children with S-ECC had significantly higher mean BMI z-scores than caries-free children (0.78 ± 1.26 vs. 0.22 ± 1.36, p = 0.002). 34 Also, there were many studies with no statistically significant association between dental caries and different categories of BMI i.e. either in normal, underweight, overweight and obese category.…”
Background: Dental caries in young children is commonly untreated representing a public health problem and has also reported to affect their anthropometric outcomes, but the evidence is conflicting. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dental caries and BMI in pre-school children of Bangalore City.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 208 healthy preschool children with the age range of 3-5 years recruited from nursery schools of Bangalore City. The Anthropometric measurements, weight and height were evaluated by calculating the z-scores using WHO Anthro software to elucidate the subject’s status on the age- and sex-specific growth chart. Every Child who has received two Z-scores under the normal value (<-2) was considered as abnormal (deficient). The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. The statistical tests used were t-test and correlation analysis.Results: Dental caries prevalence was 65.7% with a mean dental caries score of 2.24±2.57. Among the study participants 32.7% were underweight (WAZ score), 46.6% had height deficiency (HAZ score) and 47.6% had BMI deficiency (BAZ score). There was significant positive correlation found between dental caries experience and children’s WAZ (Weight for age) [r=0.102, p=0.040] and BAZ (BMI for age) [r= 0.761, p= 0.032].Conclusions: This study showed that lesser percentage of the participants had deficient height, weight and BMI. As the weight and BMI increased there was a significant increase in the number of caries and fillings among the participants.
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