Bimetallic catalysts typically exhibit superior activity and selectivity compared to single-component catalysts when optimized, inspiring a detailed understanding of the properties of the complex system. Herein, we employed highresolution X-ray (including synchrotron-based) photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy measurements using CO as the probing molecule to investigate the surface structure of ceria-supported CoCu bimetallic nanoparticles. We found that Co deposition on a Cu-precovered CeO 2 surface induces Cu migration to the surface, accompanied by ceria reduction and interfacial Co/CeO 2 formation. The lower surface energy of copper than that of cobalt and the stronger interaction of CeO 2 with Co than with Cu are possibly responsible for this surface dynamic evolution. This surface structure can be modulated by the introduction of oxygen. A small amount of oxygen exposure effectively promotes the reconstruction of the surface structure by Co migration to the surface of Co/ Cu/CeO 2 , forming cobalt oxides. Our combined spectroscopic results provide direct evidence of the surface structure evolution of CeO 2 -supported bimetallic nanoparticles under certain conditions.