Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with having hypertension: is low salt intake a mediating factor?

Verde, Melania; Mulè, Serena; Zappalà, G.; Privitera, Gaetano Pierpaolo; Maugeri, Giuseppe; Pecora, Francesco; Marranzano, Marina

doi:10.1080/09637486.2017.1350941

Cited by 42 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The findings of this study are partially consistent with observed trends in scientific literature, showing a slow abandonment of healthy dietary habits among individuals living in southern Italy, leading to adverse metabolic-related health conditions [22][23][24]. Adherence to traditional healthy dietary patterns has been associated to lower risk of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular outcomes among individuals living in southern Italy [25][26][27], including hypertension [28], obesity [29], dyslipidemia [30], insulin resistance [31] but also overall quality of life [32]. Nevertheless, there is evidence of the so-called "nutrition transition" phenomenon, described as a shift toward Westernized dietary habits, including high-sugar, high-refined, high-fat processed foods and beverages in spite of more natural, biologic (or less processed), local goods [33,34]; these trends have been demonstrated especially among younger generations [ [35][36][37].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Meal habits and metabolic status in Southern Italian adults

Zappalà

Platania

Paladino

et al. 2019

NHA

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BACKGROUND:Recently eating habits, such as breakfast, snaking, and out-of-home meals, have been shown to influence metabolic health of general population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore the association between meal habits and metabolic status in Southern Italian adults. METHODS: Data from the Mediterranean healthy Eating, Aging and Lifestyle study was used, including a total of 1952 subjects. RESULTS: Individuals having type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemias, and hypertension were more likely to adhere to a diet characterized by skipping breakfast, having unhealthy snacks and having out-of-home meals. Having breakfast was associated with higher odds of having dyslipidemias (OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.74, 4.23); having snacks was associated with higher odds of being obese (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.42, 3.09); and having out-of-home meals was associated with higher odds of having dyslipidemias (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.32) and hypertension (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.21). CONCLUSIONS:The results of this study indicate that eating habits may be associated with metabolic status in adults living in the Mediterranean area.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Meal habits and metabolic status in Southern Italian adults

Zappalà

Platania

Paladino

et al. 2019

NHA

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“…The Mediterranean dietary pattern has been associated with lower risk of cardio-metabolic disorders [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Previous results from this cohort showed a significant inverse association between higher adherence to this dietary pattern and hypertension [ 62 ]; however, another study showed that phenolic acid intake was associated in a non-linear manner to high adherence to the Mediterranean diet, suggesting that certain food sources of such polyphenol group not included in the classical paradigm of key features of the Mediterranean diet may provide beneficial action toward cardiovascular health [ 63 ]. Additionally, other studies conducted on a similar population (a sample recruited in the same southern Italian area) reported that food groups not included in the Mediterranean diet (i.e., coffee and beer) were associated with better metabolic health [ 64 , 65 , 66 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Association between Dietary Phenolic Acids and Hypertension in a Mediterranean Cohort

et al. 2017

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Background: Certain foods rich in phenolic acids have been shown to reduce the risk of hypertension, but evidence from epidemiological studies focused on dietary phenolic acid intake is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the association between dietary phenolic acid intake, as well as their major food sources, and hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort. Methods: Demographic and dietary data of 2044 adults living in Southern Italy were collected. Food frequency questionnaires and Phenol-Explorer were used to calculate dietary intake of polyphenols. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to test associations. Results: The mean intake of total phenolic acids in the cohort was 362.6 mg/day. Individuals in the highest quartile of phenolic acid intake (median intake = 522.2 mg/day) were less likely to have hypertension (OR (odds ratio) = 0.68, 95% CI (confidence interval): 0.46, 1.00). When taking into account individual subclasses of phenolic acids, only hydroxyphenylacetic acid was inversely associated with hypertension (highest vs. lowest quartile, OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.96). Among dietary sources of phenolic acids considered in the analysis, only beer was significantly inversely associated with hypertension (highest vs. lowest quartile, OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.68). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that dietary phenolic acids may be inversely associated with hypertension, irrespectively of their dietary source.

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“…High salt is a risk factor for hypertension [ 20 , 21 ]. To establish the animal model of hypertension, we fed rats with a high salt diet (8% NaCl enriched diet) for 9 weeks.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sodium is an essential nutrient and the primary cation in the extracellular fluid [ 22 , 23 ]. Previous study has shown that rats with high salt diet has higher sodium levels in the interstitial space [ 21 ]. To check the effect of high salt intake on intracellular calcium concentration, we used calcium-sensitive indicator Fluo-3 AM to measure intracellular calcium concentration [Ca 2+ ] i by fluorescence.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High salt induced hypertension leads to cognitive defect

et al. 2017

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Although increasing evidences suggest a relationship between hypertension and brain function for years, it is still unclear whether hypertension constitutes a risk factor for cognitive decline and its underlying mechanism. In the present study, an experimental animal model of hypertension simply by feeding rats with high salt diet was employed. We found that long-term high salt intake caused a marked increase of systolic blood pressure linked to a declined regional cerebral blood flow. Fear conditioning and morris water maze behavioral test revealed that high salt diet induced hippocampal dependent spatial reference memory deficits, while a decreased synaptogenesis without neuronal loss in hippocampus was observed in high salt treated rats. Furthermore, we found that high salt induced a decrease of intracellular calcium, which inactivated CaMK II and resulted in dephosphorylation of CREB at Ser133. These findings suggest a novel etiopathogenic mechanism of cognitive deficit induced by hypertension, which is initiated by high salt diet.

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Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with having hypertension: is low salt intake a mediating factor?

Cited by 42 publications

References 68 publications

Meal habits and metabolic status in Southern Italian adults

Meal habits and metabolic status in Southern Italian adults

Association between Dietary Phenolic Acids and Hypertension in a Mediterranean Cohort

High salt induced hypertension leads to cognitive defect

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