High-yield growth and morphology control of aligned carbon nanotubes on ceramic fibers for multifunctional enhancement of structural composites

Yamamoto, Namiko; Hart, A. J.; García, Enrique J.; Wicks, Sunny S.; Duong, Hai M.; Slocum, Alexander H.; Wardle, Brian L.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2008.10.030

Cited by 177 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…SEM images, showed in Figure 3c, reveal that after 40 minutes of growth the best condition were reached. These conditions obtained lengths up to 3 µm and a forest of well aligned nanotubes, despite unfavorable conditions for CNT grown on porous carbon fibers which are often tangled 25 . on the fiber is dependent upon the time of the reaction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced electrochemical activity using vertically aligned carbon nanotube electrodes grown on carbon fiber

et al. 2011

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Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes were successfully grown on flexible carbon fibers by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The diameter of the CNT is controllable by adjusting the thickness of the catalyst Ni layer deposited on the fiber. Vertically aligned nanotubes were grown in a Plasma Enhanced Chemical Deposition system (PECVD) at a temperature of 630 °C, d.c. bias of -600 V and 160 and 68 sccm flow of ammonia and acetylene, respectively. Using cyclic voltammetry measurements, an increase of the surface area of our electrodes, up to 50 times higher, was observed in our samples with CNT. The combination of VACNTs with flexible carbon fibers can have a significant impact on applications ranging from sensors to electrodes for fuel cells.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced electrochemical activity using vertically aligned carbon nanotube electrodes grown on carbon fiber

et al. 2011

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“…The role of aligned CNTs creating macroscale differences in 8 the tow size and interlaminar geometry vs. changing matrix material properties is being further investigated through varying the CNT length in subsequent interlaminar tests. Short aligned CNTs on the order of 6 microns in fuzzy fiber plies cover each fiber in a uniform annulus of CNTs that will spread fibers apart in the tow, but not to the extent of longer CNT 'mohawk' morphology 15 forests as can be seen in Fig. 1c.…”

Section: Figure 6 Fractography Of Marine Epoxy Composite Interlaminamentioning

confidence: 96%

Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Laminated Woven Composites Reinforced with Aligned Nanoscale Fibers: Mechanisms at the Macro, Micro, and Nano Scales

Wicks

Wardle

2013

54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference

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Several hybrid architectures with aligned nanoscale fibers have been shown to provide inter-and intra-laminar reinforcement of fiber reinforced polymer composites. In one architecture, aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on advanced fibers in a woven ply creates a 'fuzzy fiber' reinforced plastic (FFRP) laminate. Here the mechanisms of Mode I fracture toughness enhancement are elucidated by varying the type of epoxy and reinforcing CNT length experimentally. Reinforcement effects are shown to vary from reduced initiation toughness to more than 100% increase in steady-state fracture toughness, depending upon the multi-scale interlaminar fracture mechanisms. Fracture-surface morphology investigations using several techniques reveal that interlaminar toughness enhancement for an aerospace infusion resin is significantly less than that for a hand lay-up marine epoxy. Long (~20 micron) aligned CNTs toughens significantly (> 1 kJ/m 2 increase for marine epoxy) by driving the crack through tortuous paths around and through tows, whereas shorter CNTs produce less toughening (or even reduced toughness in aerospace epoxy), which is attributed to shorter pullout lengths and grown-CNT morphology differences. These findings reveal for the first time the multiscale nature of the composite ply interface, and the mechanisms at work at the chemical, nano, and micro scales that influence the macroscopic behavior. Extensions and future work are discussed, including preliminary results using the multifunctional attributes of the nanoengineered composite for structural health monitoring (SHM) concomitant with interlaminar fracture testing. Nomenclature CNT= carbon nanotube CVD = catalyst vapor deposition DCB = double cantilever beam G Ic = Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness FFRP = fuzzy fiber reinforced plastic FRP = fiber reinforced plastic RTM = resin transfer molding VARI = vacuum assisted resin infusion WS = West Systems (marine) epoxy

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“…However, like these other filaments, the CNTs must be embedded in a matrix for these properties to be usefully leveraged. They can also be grown along the fibers of a traditional composite 53 . Finally, it is possible to position CNTs between the laminae of a traditional composites, yielding interlaminar reinforcement and also potentially reducing crack propagation 54 .…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Constitutive Relations of Aligned Carbon Nanotube Polymer Nanocomposites

Handlin

2013

54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference

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Variable and high volume fraction aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) polymer nanocomposites (A-PNCs) are fabricated by biaxial mechanical densification of the CNTs, followed by polymer infiltration via capillarity-assisted wetting using an aerospace-grade epoxy. These APNCs are mechanically tested in order to determine the full elastic constitutive relations of the material as a function of volume fraction. Prior to this work, only bulk compression or nanomechanical tests have been attempted due to the small size of the samples. Elastic stiffness results derived from optical strain mapping via digital image correlation are in agreement both with prior experimental nanoindentation measurements and finite element calculations that include the effects of waviness of the reinforcing CNT 'fibers'. Results from longitudinal, transverse, and shear directed testing are shown for 0 to ~20% volume fraction aligned CNT reinforcement. Imaging via scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography is used to establish morphology for structure-property relations. These are the first full elastic constitutive relations for non-isotropic aligned-CNT PNCs. Such relations are needed for modeling and understanding hierarchical nanoengineered composite architectures. Recommended future work includes more comprehensive shear sample testing and concerted modeling efforts to relate this experimental work to computational/theoretical studies of the nanocomposite properties as a function of morphology. AcknowledgementsI have received a great deal of help from many individuals without whom it would not have been possible to complete this thesis.First and foremost, my advisor Professor Brian Wardle has been a fantastic mentor from day one at MIT. He is always available to answer my numerous questions and many times throughout my project offered a new avenue to explore when I felt like I had run into a wall with one approach or another. From familiarizing me with the literature and teaching me the methodology and mindset of a successful researcher and scientist, this project could not have been completed without his guidance.My colleagues in necstlab have been enormously helpful throughout my experiences. Sunny Wicks was always happy to share her enormous expertise in all aspects of the research process, whether dealing with curing epoxy, growing and densifying CNT forests, or more mundane matters like which classes to take or which of the bewildering array of forms at MIT actually need to be filled out. Ethan Parsons provided incalculable help in the aspects of digital image correlation and testing, and taught me a great deal about the mindset of a good scientist. He introduced me to the DIC literature and taught me to use Vic-2D as software that performs digital image correlation rather than a program where I press some buttons and hope that a black box process gives me a logical answer. He also helped to show me the importance of attention to detail-making sure that cameras are parallel to the ground, not 5 degrees from para...

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High-yield growth and morphology control of aligned carbon nanotubes on ceramic fibers for multifunctional enhancement of structural composites

Cited by 177 publications

References 27 publications

Enhanced electrochemical activity using vertically aligned carbon nanotube electrodes grown on carbon fiber

Enhanced electrochemical activity using vertically aligned carbon nanotube electrodes grown on carbon fiber

Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Laminated Woven Composites Reinforced with Aligned Nanoscale Fibers: Mechanisms at the Macro, Micro, and Nano Scales

Three-Dimensional Constitutive Relations of Aligned Carbon Nanotube Polymer Nanocomposites

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