High tsunami frequency as a result of combined strike-slip faulting and coastal landslides

Submarine Paleoseismology Along Populated Transform Boundaries: The Enriquillo-Plantain-Garden Fault, Canal du Sud, Haiti, and the North Anatolian Fault, Marmara Sea, Turkey

“…The destructive 2010 Haiti earthquake and the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey brought to the world's attention the need to investigate seafloor ruptures and earthquake recurrence intervals along submarine transform faults (e.g., Barka, 1999;Parsons et al, 2000;Reilinger et al, 2000;Calais et al, 2010;Hayes et al, 2010;Prentice et al, 2010). Many onshore-offshore continental transform boundaries exist near densely populated regions, and faulting at these transforms sometimes generates destructive earthquakes.…”

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“…Reconnaissance fi eld observations also led to the suggestion of probable Holocene faulting along this valley within a possible restraining bend (Koehler and Mann, 2011). Based on our observations alone, it is not clear if this fault is a splay off a main trace offshore to the north or the principal trace of the EPGF within a restraining bend; evidence of EPGF-parallel young faults within Grand Goâve Bay (Hornbach et al, 2010) described in the following supports the former interpretation. The ridge at Tapion Du Petit Goâve appears to be an active northeast-vergent fold, based on its on September 12, 2012 geosphere.gsapubs.org Downloaded from morphology and oblique orientation relative to the overall trace of the EPGF (Fig.…”

“…Although the fault appears to be both onshore and offshore between L'Acul and Port Royal, our observations are limited to onshore areas because we did not have high-resolution bathymetric data to merge with the LiDAR data at the time of analysis. Such data have subsequently revealed faults offshore (Hornbach et al, 2010 (Both applications are available from http:// keckcaves.org/software.) Because applications using the Vrui toolkit are written without a particular input environment in mind, we used LiDAR Viewer and Crusta on multiple different hardware environments including standard desktop computers, a 3D display, and the CAVE fully immersive visualization environment.…”

“…To evaluate the utility of our method for virtual reality-based remote data analysis, we worked independently from, and concurrently with, a fi eld-based investigation reported by Prentice et al (2010) and other studies of the earthquake (Calais et al, 2010;Hayes et al, 2010;Hornbach et al, 2010). To avoid biasing our site measurements, and to allow us to evaluate the accuracy of our remote methods, we identifi ed, mapped, and measured sites (described in the following) before comparing our remote measurements to those made in the fi eld.…”

Further investigations of underground resistivity structures in coastal areas using grounded-source airborne electromagnetics

“…Nevertheless, coastal areas are vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and hurricanes (e.g., Mallin and Corbett, 2006;Wang et al, 2006;Hornbach et al, 2010), as evidenced by the recent magnitude 9.0 Tohoku earthquake that devastated coastal areas in northeast Japan on March 11, 2011. In order to mitigate natural disasters, it is important to map and understand underground features in coastal areas, because liquefaction caused by earthquakes depends on geological settings (Hallier et al, 2008), tsunami generation is, to some extent, associated with underwater landslides caused by the instability of sediments (Tinti et al, 2006), and hurricanes are major factors which erode, transport and redeposit sediments in coastal areas (Miner et al, 2009).…”