High throughput screening of sub-ppb levels of basic drugs in equine plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Leung, Gary N. W.; Leung, David K.K.; Wan, Terence S.M.; Wong, Colton H.F.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.006

Cited by 34 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Efforts have been directed to attain high throughput methods that are able to extract a large number of samples in a short time. [18] Generally, matrix effects were reduced greatly by using SPE based on C18, polymeric sorbents, alumina, amino, and strong cation exchanger (SCX) modes. For compounds with varied chemical properties, mixedmode sorbents are recommended.…”

Section: Results and Discussion Extraction And Clean-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiclass Residues Screening of 105 Veterinary Drugs in Meat, Milk, and Egg Using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Deng

Yang

Li³

et al. 2011

Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies

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& A high-throughput and robust method for analyzing multiclass residues of veterinary drugs in meat, milk, and egg by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF) was established. The method successfully applied to the screening, quantification, and confirmation of 105 compounds from 9 different classes of drugs, including beta-agonists, benzimidazoles, corticoides, triphenylmethane, nitromidazoles, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracylines, and benzodiazepams. The samples are extracted by a single extraction using acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid, followed by an easy solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up on HLB column and finally analyzed by LC=MS QTOF MS. The separation was achieved within 30 min at the optimized chromatographic conditions. More than 92% compounds in this study can be reliably identified based on accurate mass measurement (within the 3 ppm mass error) at the 5 lg=kg concentration levels in the complex food matrix with further MS=MS confirmation. Our study demonstrated a reliable, high-efficient and high-sensitive strategy for the fast and high throughput screening of multiclass of veterinary drugs in foodstuffs of animal origin.

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Section: Results and Discussion Extraction And Clean-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiclass Residues Screening of 105 Veterinary Drugs in Meat, Milk, and Egg Using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Deng

Yang

Li³

et al. 2011

Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies

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“…In the field of doping control analysis, the simultaneous analysis of 72 target compounds from different classes, that is, glucocorticoids, diuretics, stimulants, anti-oestrogens, b-adrenergic drugs and anabolic steroids, in human urine is a nice example (Mazzarino, de la Torre, & Botrè, 2008). For equine doping control, 75 basic drugs were analyzed in equine plasma with an analysis time of only 8 min (Leung et al, 2007). The analysis of 80 pharmaceuticals from different pharmacological classes used as adulterants in ''natural'' herbal medicines is another example of targeted multiresidue analysis (Bogusz et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fragmentation of toxicologically relevant drugs in positive‐ion liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Niessen¹

2011

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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The identification of drugs and related compounds by LC-MS-MS is an important analytical challenge in several application areas, including clinical and forensic toxicology, doping control analysis, and environmental analysis. Although target-compound based analytical strategies are most frequently applied, at some point the information content of the MS-MS spectra becomes relevant. In this article, the positive-ion MS-MS spectra of a wide variety of drugs and related substances are discussed. Starting point was an MS-MS mass spectral library of toxicologically relevant compounds, available on the internet. The positive-ion MS-MS spectra of ∼570 compounds were interpreted by chemical and therapeutic class, thus involving a wide variety of drug compound classes, such benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, phenothiazines, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, diuretics, local anesthetics, vasodilators, as well as various subclasses of anti-diabetic, antidepressant, analgesic, and antihistaminic drugs. In addition, the scientific literature was searched for available MS-MS data of these compound classes and the interpretation thereof. The results of this elaborate study are presented in this article. For each individual compound class, the emphasis is on class-specific fragmentation, as discussing fragmentation of all individual compounds would take far too much space. The recognition of class-specific fragmentation may be quite informative in determining the compound class of a specific unknown, which may further help in the identification. In addition, knowledge on (class-specific) fragmentation may further help in the optimization of the selectivity in targeted analytical approaches of compounds of one particular class.

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“…However, the popularity of using blood in doping control testing has increased in recent years, [11][12][13][14][15] as it offers a number of advantages over urine. However, the popularity of using blood in doping control testing has increased in recent years, [11][12][13][14][15] as it offers a number of advantages over urine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of the misuse of testosterone in castrated horses based on an international threshold in plasma

Kwok

Leung

et al. 2014

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Testosterone is an endogenous steroid produced primarily in the testes. Trace levels of testosterone are found in urine samples from geldings, as testosterone is also secreted by the adrenal. An international threshold of free and conjugated testosterone in urine (20 ng/mL) was adopted by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) in 1996 for controlling testosterone misuse in geldings. In view of the recent popularity of using blood in doping control testing, it is necessary to establish a threshold for testosterone in gelding plasma. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method was developed for quantifying low levels of free testosterone in gelding plasma. Based on a population study of 152 post-race plasma samples, the mean ± SD concentration of plasma testosterone was determined to be 14.7 ± 6.8 pg/mL. Normal distribution could be obtained after square-root or cube-root transformation, resulting in respective tentative thresholds of 49 or 55 pg/mL (corresponding to a risk factor of less than 1 in 10 000). A rounded-up threshold of 100 pg/mL of free testosterone in plasma was proposed. Based on the administration of Testosterone Suspension 100 to six geldings, the same average detection time of 14 days was observed in either plasma or urine using the proposed plasma threshold and the existing international urine threshold. The maximum detection time was 18 days in plasma and 20 days in urine. The results demonstrated the proposed plasma threshold is effective in controlling the misuse of testosterone in geldings. Similar results were subsequently obtained in Europe, and this proposed threshold was adopted by IFHA in October 2013.

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High throughput screening of sub-ppb levels of basic drugs in equine plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 34 publications

References 10 publications

Multiclass Residues Screening of 105 Veterinary Drugs in Meat, Milk, and Egg Using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Multiclass Residues Screening of 105 Veterinary Drugs in Meat, Milk, and Egg Using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Fragmentation of toxicologically relevant drugs in positive‐ion liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Control of the misuse of testosterone in castrated horses based on an international threshold in plasma

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