High‐Throughput Screening of Metabolic Biomarkers and Wearable Biosensors for the Quantification of Metabolites

Abstract

Metabolic biomarkers facilitate pathological/physiological investigations and clinic decisions. Noninvasive quantification of metabolic biomarkers allows patients to monitor their health without time, location, and environmental constraints. Recently, the synergistic integration between high-throughput screening strategy via mass spectrometry and noninvasive quantification techniques via wearable biosensors may provide fundamental insights into the application of metabolic biomarkers in clinical diagnostics. Here, mass spectrometry for the screening of metabolic biomarkers in several major clinical diseases (retinoblastoma, coronary heart disease, lung adenocarcinoma) is introduced. Then, three types of wearable biosensors based on electrochemistry, organic electrochemical transistors, and field effect transistors for the noninvasive quantification of metabolic biomarkers are summarized. The review may serve as a handbook for high-throughput screening of metabolic biomarkers and wearable biosensors for the quantification of metabolites. It is anticipated that biomarker discovery and quantification will facilitate the next generation of wearable biosensors toward personalized, intelligent, and precise home-healthcare on a large-scale.

Challenges and Advances of Hydrogel-Based Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Biofluids: From Lab to Market. A Review

“…220 Additionally, the choice of electrode material also affects the overall cost because certain materials, such as gold and platinum, are more expensive than others. 221 The production process also plays a significant role in determining the cost of biosensors. 222 Advanced manufacturing techniques, such as microfabrication and nanoimprinting, are required to achieve the high level of precision and reproducibility required for reliable performance.…”

“…Hydrogels can be synthesized from a variety of polymers, each with unique properties and costs . Additionally, the choice of electrode material also affects the overall cost because certain materials, such as gold and platinum, are more expensive than others . The production process also plays a significant role in determining the cost of biosensors .…”

High-throughput selection of glucose-binding proteins from massive datasets: Integrating molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations

“…The screening and selection of suitable GBPs for biosensor development constitute crucial steps in harnessing their potential. To this end, advanced screening techniques, including combinatorial libraries, phage display, and high-throughput screening methods(Kaczmarek & Prather, 2021; Yeom et al, 2018; Zhang & Qian, 2023), have facilitated the identification of novel GBPs with enhanced binding properties. These techniques enable the exploration of vast protein libraries and the identification of GBPs with desired attributes, such as high affinity, selectivity, and resistance to interfering substances.…”

Using Hadamard Transform Multiplexed IR Spectroscopy Together with a Segmented Ion Trap for the Identification of Mobility-Selected Isomers

“…High-throughput biomolecular analysis plays a key role in fields such as drug discovery, − biomarker screening, , glycomics, , and metabolomics. ,− While the speed and sensitivity of mass spectrometry (MS) makes it well suited for this task, the identification of isomers remains a formidable challenge, − particularly in the case of glycans, or oligosaccharides, which display extensive isomeric diversity. , To overcome this analytical challenge, MS is often coupled with chromatographic separation techniques and chemical derivatizations that need to be tailored to specific classes of glycans. , Even when isomer separation is possible, it remains difficult to identify a specific isomeric form, which hinders understanding the relationship between glycan structures and their biological functions.…”

“…High-throughput biomolecular analysis plays a key role in fields such as drug discovery, 1 − 3 biomarker screening, 4 , 5 glycomics, 6 , 7 and metabolomics. 4 , 8 − 12 While the speed and sensitivity of mass spectrometry (MS) makes it well suited for this task, the identification of isomers remains a formidable challenge, 13 − 18 particularly in the case of glycans, or oligosaccharides, which display extensive isomeric diversity.…”