High throughput screening of electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications

Prochaska, Mark; Jin, Jing; Rochefort, Dominic; Zhuang, Lin; DiSalvo, Francis J.; Abruña, Héctor D.; Dover, R. B. van

doi:10.1063/1.2202919

Cited by 63 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…19−22 This method is effective but requires rather sophisticated microfabrication and electronics. 19−22 A third technique employs either a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) 16,17,23 or a rastered laser beam 24 that sequentially interrogates an array of catalysts on a common conductive support. This method provides a high density of thermodynamic and kinetic information but is slow because the array is scanned serially.…”

Section: * S Supporting Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bipolar Electrodes for Rapid Screening of Electrocatalysts

2011

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We report a method for rapid screening of arrays of electrocatalyst candidates. The approach is based on simultaneous activation of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and Ag electrodissolution at the cathodic and anodic poles, respectively, of bipolar electrodes (BPEs). Because the electrochemical activity of the two poles is directly coupled via the BPE, the extent of Ag electrodissolution is directly related to the ORR activity. The screening process lasts ∼12 min. Because Ag dissolution provides a permanent record of catalyst activity, the screening results can be determined by simple optical microscopy after the electrochemical experiment. The method has the potential to provide quantitative information about electrocatalyst activity.H ere we report a new and potentially powerful method for rapid screening of electrocatalysts. The principle is illustrated in Scheme 1, with specific reference to evaluation of the activity of electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The top frame of Scheme 1a shows an array of three bipolar electrodes (BPEs). 1 The ORR electrocatalyst candidates are deposited onto the cathodic poles of the BPEs, while the anodic poles are composed of parallel Ag microband electrodes. The Ag microbands of each electrode are in electrical contact with one another and with the ORR catalyst via an underlying indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) contact. When a sufficiently high potential (E tot , Scheme 1b) is applied to the solution in the fluidic channel via a pair of driving electrodes, the ORR proceeds at the cathodic poles and the Ag microbands undergo electrodissolution. 2 The efficiency of the ORR catalyst is then determined by counting the number of dissolved Ag microband electrodes: the more bands that dissolve, the better the catalyst. In fact, as we will show, there is a direct thermodynamic link between the overpotential required for the ORR (Scheme 1c) and the number of Ag microbands remaining after the experiment (Scheme 1a). Although we demonstrate this screening method using just three BPEs, arrays of arbitrary size can be monitored in this way with very little additional technological overhead. This is because it is not necessary to make a direct electrical connection to each electrode, which is an intrinsic property of BPEs and the principal reason for using them in an array format. 3 The basic operating principles of BPEs, along with many interesting applications, have been previously described in the scientific literature. 1−14 A driving voltage E tot applied across a microchannel containing a conductive electrolyte solution (Scheme 1b) is dropped nearly linearly over the length of the microchannel. 6 If a conductive wire of sufficient length is present in the microchannel, it will function as a BPE. 1 Specifically, when the interfacial potential differences between the poles of the BPE and the electrolyte solution (ΔE elec , Scheme 1a) are sufficiently high, faradaic processes occur simultaneously: a reduction at the cathodic pole and an oxidation at the a...

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Section: * S Supporting Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bipolar Electrodes for Rapid Screening of Electrocatalysts

2011

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“…To circumvent this issue, the ordered intermetallic phases PtBi and PtPb have recently come to attention. Using fluorescence imaging and SEM to screen Pt-Bi-Pb ternary and Pt-Ti-Co-Pb quaternary combinatorial thin film libraries for their activity to methanol decomposition, 349,360,374 it was found that by lightly doping a PtPb 0.53 alloy with Bi the onset potential of methanol reduction could be decreased by 50 mV. XRD and XPS analyses showed the material to have a structure similar to PtPb.…”

Section: Catalysts For Fuel Cell Anodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technique has been widely used as a primary screen for anodes, although it suffers from some disadvantages; it is qualitative, and offers poor spatial resolution due to diffusion of the activated quinine through the liquid. 167,353,354,[360][361][362] To mitigate diffusion issues, some groups have created semi-discrete arrays by micromachining. 349 Another method of circumventing the limited spatial resolution of fluorescence is to raster a small counter electrode, which acts as a scanning electrochemical microscope, 359,363 because areas of the library with increased activity will generate more hydrogen and thus a larger current.…”

Section: Catalysts For Fuel Cell Anodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of high throughput (combinatorial) methodologies to electronic, magnetic, optical, and energy-related materials

Green

Takeuchi

Hattrick‐Simpers

2013

Journal of Applied Physics

223

189

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High throughput (combinatorial) materials science methodology is a relatively new research paradigm that offers the promise of rapid and efficient materials screening, optimization, and discovery. The paradigm started in the pharmaceutical industry but was rapidly adopted to accelerate materials research in a wide variety of areas. High throughput experiments are characterized by synthesis of a "library" sample that contains the materials variation of interest (typically composition), and rapid and localized measurement schemes that result in massive data sets. Because the data are collected at the same time on the same "library" sample, they can be highly uniform with respect to fixed processing parameters. This article critically reviews the literature pertaining to applications of combinatorial materials science for electronic, magnetic, optical, and energy-related materials. It is expected that high throughput methodologies will facilitate commercialization of novel materials for these critically important applications. Despite the overwhelming evidence presented in this paper that high throughput studies can effectively inform commercial practice, in our perception, it remains an underutilized research and development tool. Part of this perception may be due to the inaccessibility of proprietary industrial research and development practices, but clearly the initial cost and availability of high throughput laboratory equipment plays a role. Combinatorial materials science has traditionally been focused on materials discovery, screening, and optimization to combat the extremely high cost and long development times for new materials and their introduction into commerce. Going forward, combinatorial materials science will also be driven by other needs such as materials substitution and experimental verification of materials properties predicted by modeling and simulation, which have recently received much attention with the advent of the Materials Genome Initiative. Thus, the challenge for combinatorial methodology will be the effective coupling of synthesis, characterization and theory, and the ability to rapidly manage large amounts of data in a variety of formats. V C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx

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“…1- 3 We have recently presented methods for high throughput screening of continuous composition spread thin films for fuel cell oxidation catalysis. 4,5 In this research, binary or ternary continuous composition spreads are sputter deposited onto Si substrates from elemental metal targets. The entire composition spread is then evaluated as a catalyst ͑e.g., for the oxidation of methanol͒ and the catalytically active regions are determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High energy x-ray diffraction/x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for high-throughput analysis of composition spread thin films

Gregoire

Dale

Kazimirov

et al. 2009

Review of Scientific Instruments

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High-throughput crystallography is an important tool in materials research, particularly for the rapid assessment of structure-property relationships. We present a technique for simultaneous acquisition of diffraction images and fluorescence spectra on a continuous composition spread thin film using a 60 keV x-ray source. Subsequent noninteractive data processing provides maps of the diffraction profiles, thin film fiber texture, and composition. Even for highly textured films, our diffraction technique provides detection of diffraction from each family of Bragg reflections, which affords direct comparison of the measured profiles with powder patterns of known phases. These techniques are important for high throughput combinatorial studies as they provide structure and composition maps which may be correlated with performance trends within an inorganic library.

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High throughput screening of electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications

Cited by 63 publications

References 36 publications

Bipolar Electrodes for Rapid Screening of Electrocatalysts

Bipolar Electrodes for Rapid Screening of Electrocatalysts

Applications of high throughput (combinatorial) methodologies to electronic, magnetic, optical, and energy-related materials

High energy x-ray diffraction/x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for high-throughput analysis of composition spread thin films

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