“…There are many experimental methods which have been used to determine the extent of plasma protein binding. These include equilibrium dialysis (ED), [59][60][61] microdialysis, [61,62] dynamic dialysis, [63,64] ultrafiltration, [63,65] ultracentrifugation, [63,66,67] charcoal-binding kinetic methods, [68,69] surface plasmon resonance (SPR), [70] albumin PAMPA, [71] albumin-immobilised beads, [72] various chromatographic techniques such as immobilised-albumin support coupled with high performance liquid chromatography, [73,74] high-performance frontal analysis, [63] a multitude of spectroscopic techniques UV spectroscopy, [75] circular dichroism, [75] NMR [75]. However equilibrium dialysis remains the gold standard and the method most frequently used in drug discovery.…”