High Temperature Sodium - Zinc Chloride Batteries With Sodium Beta - Alumina Solid Electrolyte

Parthasarathy, Preethy; Weber, Neill; Virkar, Anil V.

doi:10.1149/1.2811944

Cited by 40 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…No peaks other than those expected for α-Al 2 O 3 and YSZ were observed in Figure 2a, indicating that no significant chemical reaction occurred between the two components. After conversion, all the peaks for YSZ remained unchanged while those peaks for α-Al 2 O 3 were converted to β"-Al 2 O 3 ones, as seen in Figure 2b, which is consistent with literature (15). In addition to β"-Al 2 O 3, a small portion of β-Al 2 O 3 was also observed, which typically coexists with β"-Al 2 O 3 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

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High Power Planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery

Lu¹,

Coffey²,

Meinhardt³

et al. 2010

ECS Trans.

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Sodium-beta batteries (NBBs), which are typically constructed on a thick tubular electrolyte and operate at relatively high temperatures, have a number of disadvantages such as high capital cost and performance/safety issues that limit market penetration of the technology. In this work we report a new generation NBB that utilizes a planar design. The planar design allows for a thinner electrolyte that reduces the area of specific resistance and may be operated at reduced temperatures. The lower operating temperatures would alleviate adverse temperature effects that impact cycle life and overall cost. We here present recent progress generated from planar NBB button cells, including initial cell performance, cathode design and chemistry.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Fabrication of BASE Discs BASE discs were fabricated via the vapor phase process (14,15). The starting powders were high purity α-Al 2 O 3 and YSZ (Yttria-stabilized zirconia).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Power Planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery

Lu¹,

Coffey²,

Meinhardt³

et al. 2010

ECS Trans.

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“…The discharge flat voltage is greater than 1.5 V during discharge at 20 mA/cm 2 , while these values are approximately 1.0 V and 0.8 V during 3 discharge at 100 mA/cm 2 and 200 mA/cm 2 respectively as shown in Fig.1. Compared with the reported sodium zinc chloride batteries [12][13][14], sodium β" alumina solid electrolyte was substituted by molten CaCl2-NaCl mixture in our reported Na-Zn liquid metal battery, which make the battery more economical and increasing the possibility of charging and discharging at high current density. However, a severe selfdischarge rate is a technical issue that needs to be addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Electrode Behaviors of Na-Zn Liquid Metal Battery

Martínez

Osen

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The electroreduction processes on a Mo electrode in a Na-Zn liquid metal battery cell with a molten NaCl-CaCl2-ZnCl2 electrolyte were investigated at 565 °C. The effect of the battery operating parameters on the loss rate of Na was determined by using electrochemical techniques. The results indicated that the chemical reaction of the reduced Ca and Na with ZnCl2 takes place very quickly, and the electroreduction of Na. Volatilization is mainly responsible for the loss of Na, and a high current density during charging led to the severe competitive deposition of Zn with Na.

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“…Among various sodium (Na)-based rechargeable batteries, sodium-metal halide (Na-MH or ZEBRA) batteries use low cost and abundant Na, nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) as the main battery constituents and also offer superior battery safety and durability, thereby providing great potential for various grid applications [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. The ZEBRA battery using Ni/Fe cathodes is the most popular redox chemistry among the vast majority of Na-MH batteries including Na-NiCl 2 , Na-FeCl 2 , Na-ZnCl 2 , and Na-Al batteries reported in the past [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], and the overall cell reaction of ZEBRA battery can be described as follows [ 19 , 20 ]: 2Na + MCl 2 (Charge) ←→ 2NaCl + M (Discharge), where M is Ni, Fe with E 0 = 2.58 V for Ni, and 2.35 V for Fe, respectively. The tubular or clover shape β″-Al 2 O 3 solid electrolyte (BASE) tube has been used for ZEBRA batteries as a key component to facilitate Na + ion transportation but stop material cross-over between the cathode and anode sides [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles

et al. 2021

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With the recent rapid increase in demand for reliable, long-cycle life, and safe battery technologies for large-scale energy-storage applications, a battery module based on ZEBRA battery chemistry is extensively evaluated for its application in peak shaving duty cycles. First, this module is tested with a full capacity cycle consisting of a charging process (factory default) and a discharging process with a current of 40 A. The battery energy efficiency (discharge vs. charge) is about 90%, and the overall energy efficiency is 80.9%, which includes the auxiliary power used to run the battery management system electronics and self-heating to maintain the module operating temperature (265 °C). Generally, because of the increased self-heating during the holding times that exist for the peak shaving duty cycles, the overall module efficiency decreases slightly for the peak-shaving duty cycles (70.7–71.8%) compared to the full-capacity duty cycle. With a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle, the overall energy efficiency increases from 71.8% for 7.5 kWh energy utilization to 74.1% for 8.5 kWh. We conducted long-term cycling tests of the module at a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle with 7.5 kWh energy utilization, and the module exhibited a capacity degradation rate of 0.0046%/cycle over 150 cycles (>150 days).

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High Temperature Sodium - Zinc Chloride Batteries With Sodium Beta - Alumina Solid Electrolyte

Cited by 40 publications

References 3 publications

High Power Planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery

High Power Planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery

Electrode Behaviors of Na-Zn Liquid Metal Battery

Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles

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