High temperature oxidation and microstructural evolution of cold spray chromium coatings on Zircaloy-4 in steam environments

Yeom, Hwasung; Maier, Benjamin; Johnson, Greg; Dabney, Tyler; Lenling, Mia; Sridharan, Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.151737

Cited by 173 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…(8) fits broadly with the experimental results. The n value of ≈0.14 is lower than Brachet et al's 43 and Yeom et al's 34 reports. These calculations indicate that the oxidation kinetics of Cr coating does not follow a parabolic or quartic law perfectly.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…These indicate that the whiskers and particles are also Cr 2 O 3 . Cr 2 O 3 whiskers have been reported by previous studies about high-temperature steam oxidation of Cr coating, especially in the case of low oxygen potential 34,35 . The formation of Cr 2 O 3 whiskers is most possibly resulted from the rapid diffusion of Cr cations along shortcuts (e.g., grain boundaries or dislocations) in the underlying oxide film.…”

Section: Structural Characterization Of the Oxide Layersmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…However, the oxidation of Cr in hightemperature steam was different in different works. Brachet et al 43 reported a parabolic law (exponent n ≈ 0.5); and Yeom et al 34 observed quartic oxidation kinetics (exponent n ≈ 0.25) for cold spray Cr coatings tested at 1230 o C and 1310 o C. However, Birks et al 44 suggested that the growth of Cr during the oxidation process followed a logarithmic law.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxidation behavior of Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding in high-temperature steam above 1200 °C

et al. 2021

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Dense, uniform, and well-adhered chromium (Cr) coatings were deposited on zirconium (Zr) alloy claddings by using physical vapor deposition (PVD). The Cr-coated samples were tested at 1200 oC and 1300 oC, respectively, for different exposure time in water steam environment. Microstructures and compositions of the coating/substrate system after oxidation were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, and energy dispersion spectrometer. The microstructural results clearly demonstrated that Cr2O3 layer has been produced on the coating surface, acting as an oxygen diffusion barrier and concomitantly reducing the oxidation rate. The experimental results on weight gains soundly supported the microstructural findings that the Cr coatings could protect the Zr substrate from high-temperature steam oxidation, even at a temperature up to 1300 oC. Finally, the oxidation kinetics was theoretically analyzed and the underlying oxidation mechanism was also clarified.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Structural Characterization Of the Oxide Layersmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxidation behavior of Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding in high-temperature steam above 1200 °C

et al. 2021

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“…Furthermore, the growth of the outer Cr 2 O 3 layer could be described by nearly parabolic oxidation kinetics in the 800-1300 °C steam environment. As reported by Yeom et al [15], a cold-sprayed Cr coating led to a remarkable reduction in the oxidation rate compared to the uncoated Zr substrate in the 1310 °C steam environment. Interdiffusion between Cr and Zr occurs simultaneously with outer oxidation to form an intermetallic layer (ZrCr 2 layer).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Interdiffusion behavior between Cr and Zr and its effect on the microcracking behavior in the Cr-coated Zr-4 alloy

Jiang¹,

Wang²,

Du³

et al. 2021

NUCL SCI TECH

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High-temperature chromium (Cr)-zirconium (Zr) interdiffusion commonly occurs in Cr-coated zircaloys applied for enhanced accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) claddings. Such interdiffusion changes the interfacial microstructure and thus the fracture mechanism of the coating under external loading. In this study, the interdiffusion behavior in a magnetron sputtered Cr coating deposited on a Zr-4 alloy was studied in a vacuum environment at 1160 °C. In addition, the effect of interdiffusion on the microcracking behavior of the Cr coating was determined by in situ three-point bending tests. The experimental results show that the interdiffusion behavior resulted in the formation of a ZrCr 2 layer, accompanied by the consumption of Cr coating and interfacial roughening. The growth of the diffusion layer followed a nearly parabolic law with respect to annealing time, and the residual stress of the annealed coating decreased with increasing annealing time. Under external loading, a large number of cracks were generated in the brittle interlayer, and some interfacial cracks were formed and grew at the ZrCr 2 /Zr-4 interface. Despite the remarkable microcracks in the ZrCr 2 layer, the vacuum-annealed Cr coating has significantly fewer cracks than the original coating, mainly because of the recrystallization of the coating during annealing.

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“…Nowadays, a wide variety of materials have been studied as protective coatings on zirconium fuel claddings to improve its resistance under normal operation (~360 ° C, 18.6 MPa) and design-based accident (DBA, up to 1200 °C) conditions. The majority of scientific groups and organizations suggest metallic chromium as the most suitable material for the development of accident tolerant fuel (ATF) claddings [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Growth of a chromia (Cr2O3) layer on surface of Cr-coated Zr alloy decelerates oxygen diffusion to the alloy and significantly increases its oxidation resistance (e.g., by an order of magnitude at 1200 °C for 10 min [7]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of Zr Alloy under High-Temperature Air Oxidation: A Multilayer Coating Approach

et al. 2021

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Metallic Cr and multilayer CrN/Cr coatings with a thickness of 2.5 µm were deposited onto E110 alloy by magnetron sputtering. Oxidation tests in air were performed at 1100 °C for 10–40 min. The gravimetric measurements showed better protective properties of multilayer CrN/Cr coatings in comparison with metallic Cr coating. Multilayer coating prevented fast Cr–Zr inter-diffusion by the formation of a ZrN layer beneath the coating. The appearance of ZrN is caused by interaction with nitrogen formed from the decomposition of CrN to Cr2N phases. Optical microscopy revealed a residual Cr layer for the multilayer CrN (0.25 µm)/Cr (0.25 µm) coating for all the oxidation periods. Additional in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of coated alloy during linear heating up to 1400 °C showed that the formation of the Cr2Zr phase in the case of multilayer coatings occurred at a higher (~150 °C) temperature compared to metallic Cr. Multilayer coatings can decrease the nitrogen effect for Zr alloy oxidation. Uniform and thinner oxide layers of Zr alloy were observed when the multilayer coatings were applied. The highest oxidation resistance belonged to the CrN/Cr coating with a multilayer step of 0.25 µm.

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High temperature oxidation and microstructural evolution of cold spray chromium coatings on Zircaloy-4 in steam environments

Cited by 173 publications

References 39 publications

Oxidation behavior of Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding in high-temperature steam above 1200 °C

Oxidation behavior of Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding in high-temperature steam above 1200 °C

Interdiffusion behavior between Cr and Zr and its effect on the microcracking behavior in the Cr-coated Zr-4 alloy

Protection of Zr Alloy under High-Temperature Air Oxidation: A Multilayer Coating Approach

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