High-temperature condensation particle counter using a systematically selected dedicated working fluid for automotive applications

Kupper, Martin; Kraft, Martin; Boies, Adam M.; Bergmann, Alexander

doi:10.1080/02786826.2019.1702920

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Different working fluids can be used for this application, most typically butanol and isopropanol. CPCs usually operate near ambient temperatures but recently also high temperature CPCs have been developed [29], but without any commercial system available at the time of writing. Their counting efficiency is near to unity at large sizes, their cut-off size may be influenced by the nature of the particles [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Solid Particle Number Sensors for Periodic Technical Inspection of Passenger Cars

Melas

Selleri

Suarez-Bertoa

et al. 2021

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Following the increase in stringency of the European regulation limits for laboratory and real world automotive emissions, one of the main transport related aspects to improve the air quality is the mass scale in-use vehicle testing. Solid particle number (SPN) emissions have been drastically reduced with the use of diesel and gasoline particulate filters which, however, may get damaged or even been tampered. The feasibility of on-board monitoring and remote sensing as well as of the current periodical technical inspection (PTI) for detecting malfunctioning or tampered particulate filters is under discussion. A promising methodology for detecting high emitters is SPN testing at low idling during PTI. Several European countries plan to introduce this method for diesel vehicles and the European Commission (EC) will provide some guidelines. For this scope an experimental campaign was organized by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the EC with the participation of different instrument manufacturers. Idle SPN concentrations of vehicles without or with a malfunctioning particulate filter were measured. The presence of particles under the current cut-off size of 23 nm as well as of volatile particles during idling are presented. Moreover, the extreme case of a well performing vehicle tested after a filter regeneration is studied. In most of the cases the different sensors used were in good agreement, the high sub-23 nm particles existence being the most challenging case due to the differences in the sensors’ efficiency below the cut-off size.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Solid Particle Number Sensors for Periodic Technical Inspection of Passenger Cars

Melas

Selleri

Suarez-Bertoa

et al. 2021

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The requirements for the on-board SPN 23 portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS 23 ) were developed in the EU Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) group (the term "PN analyzer" is used in the regulation). The specifications had to be strict enough to be comparable with the laboratory systems but "relaxed" enough to allow small and light systems or novel concepts (e.g., hot condensation particle counters) [50] (Figure 4). In order to allow possible future innovative concepts, the main requirements for the PEMS 23 were to:…”

Section: Portable Emission Measurement Systems (Pems) Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Vehicle Exhaust Particle Number Regulations

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Vehicle emissions are a significant source of air pollution in cities. Particulate matter (PM) is a pollutant with adverse health effects. Regulations worldwide determine the PM exhaust emissions of vehicles by gravimetric quantification of the mass deposited on a filter over a test cycle. The introduction of particulate filters as vehicle exhaust gas aftertreatment devices led to low PM emissions. A particle number methodology (counting solid particles >23 nm), complementary to the PM mass measurement, was developed by the PMP (Particle Measurement Programme) group of the GRPE (Working Party on Pollution and Energy) of the UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) during the first decade of the 21st century. The methodology was then introduced in the EU (European Union) regulations for light-duty (2011), heavy-duty (2013), and non-road mobile machinery (2019). In parallel, during the last 15 years, UN (United Nations) regulations and GTRs (Global Technical Regulations) including this methodology were also developed. To address the on-road emissions, the EU introduced RDE (real-driving emissions) testing with PEMS (portable emissions measurement systems) in 2017. Other countries (e.g., China, India) have also started adopting the number methodology. The PMP group recently improved the current laboratory and on-board methodologies and also extended them to a lower particle size (counting solid particles >10 nm). Due to the rapid evolution of the vehicle exhaust particle number regulations and the lack of a summary in the literature, this paper gives an overview of current and near future regulations. Emphasis is given on the technical specifications and the changes that have taken place over the years.

show abstract

“…While these counters prove suitable for laboratory applications, they face inherent limitations when applied to RDE measurements. Although there are ongoing research efforts exploring the use of CPCs in harsh environments with alternative working fluids, these innovations have yet to reach the market [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical modeling and optimization of electrostatic particle sensors for particle number detection: incorporating particle size influence

Wallner,

Bainschab,

Kubicka

et al. 2024

Meas. Sci. Technol.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Developing measurement devices and methods to track increasingly stringent emission standards, including particle number, is crucial. This paper presents a novel analytical model to describe the signal response of an electrostatic particle sensor not only to particle mass concentration, but also to the particle number concentration of in-flowing particles. The uniqueness of this model lies in its ability to calculate the signal as a function of particle diameter, enabling the determination of particle number concentration from the signal. The model considers the effects of aerosol flow, electrode voltage and temperature, and can be used for the optimization of the sensor geometry parameters, length, width, and electrode gap. The model was designed to optimize the sensor's geometry and signal retrieval as well as the optimization of the electric field between the electrodes. Comparative analysis was conducted between the proposed model and a model from the literature as well as experimental data from literature and experimental data collected in this paper.

show abstract

High-temperature condensation particle counter using a systematically selected dedicated working fluid for automotive applications

Cited by 5 publications

References 26 publications

Evaluation of Solid Particle Number Sensors for Periodic Technical Inspection of Passenger Cars

Evaluation of Solid Particle Number Sensors for Periodic Technical Inspection of Passenger Cars

Overview of Vehicle Exhaust Particle Number Regulations

Analytical modeling and optimization of electrostatic particle sensors for particle number detection: incorporating particle size influence

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About