High-technology materials based on modified polysaccharides

Abstract

Polysaccharides are abundantly available from farm, forest, and microbial resources. They are used in myriad applications. It has been established in the authors' laboratory that their performance is enhanced considerably on purification, grafting by polyacrylamide (PAM), and subsequent hydrolysis as well as cationization. The most significant performance is enhanced in flocculation where it has been found that the modified polysaccharides outperform existing flocculants in national and international markets. Similar effects are observed in their performance in turbulent drag reduction (DR), percolation, and rheology. The present article outlines the details of materials, mechanisms, and practical applications of these novel materials.saccharides may have many low-molecular-weight impurities. The biodegradability of polysaccharides reduces their shelf life and needs to be suitably controlled. In various applications, their required dosages are large and their solutions and flocs lose stability and strength because of biodegradability. However, by purification [5], grafting [5], hydrolysis [6], and cationization [7], useful polymeric materials can be developed for varied applications.Effluent disposal is a major problem nowadays all over the world. Industrial development has created hazards and environmental problems. Hence, environmental concern and depletion of raw material resources have forced scientists and technologists to develop materials from renewable agricultural and plant resources to protect the environment from pollution.Recycling of domestic wastewater, industrial effluents, and mineral-processing effluents has been accepted by the application of synthetic flocculants for solid-liquid separation due to economic and environmental considerations all over the world [8][9][10]. When polymers are involved in a solid-liquid separation by an aggregation process of colloidal particles, the process is termed "flocculation" [10]. In general, flocculation is caused by the addition of a minute quantity of chemicals known as "flocculants". Both inorganic and organic flocculants are used in various kinds of flocculation phenomena [11]. Among the inorganic flocculants, the salts of multivalent metals like aluminum and iron are mostly used. The organic flocculants are essentially polymeric in nature. Both synthetic and natural water-soluble polymers are used as flocculants [8][9][10][11]. Some of the most important types of synthetic polymers are polyacrylamide (PAM), poly(acrylic acid), poly(styrene sulfonic acid), poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (DADMAC), etc., the synthetic effluents are available in all three ionic formscationic, anionic, and nonionic. Among the natural polymers, starch, guar gum, alginates, and products based on chitin, glue, and gelatin are used as flocculants and retention aids. The extensive use of polymers as flocculants is due to their low dosage (1-5 ppm), inertness to pH changes, formation of large cohesive flocs, and versatile tailorability. Large tonnage use of inorganic comp...

Applications of Water-Soluble Polymers in Turbulent Drag Reduction

“…Chemical modification of GG has also been studied by many researchers as a method to overcome its inherent deficiencies, such as its facile biodegradability. Singh et al [85] compared the Chemical modification of GG has also been studied by many researchers as a method to overcome its inherent deficiencies, such as its facile biodegradability. Singh et al [85] compared the DR efficiencies of pristine GG, purified GG, and grafted GG in water, as shown in Figure 16.…”

“…Singh et al [85] compared the Chemical modification of GG has also been studied by many researchers as a method to overcome its inherent deficiencies, such as its facile biodegradability. Singh et al [85] compared the DR efficiencies of pristine GG, purified GG, and grafted GG in water, as shown in Figure 16. They found that the grafted GG copolymer combined the robustness of GG and the efficiency of the synthetic PAAM polymer, resulting in enhanced drag reduction efficiency.…”

“…DR characteristics of commercial guar gum, purified guar gum, and grafted guar gum, reprinted with permission from [85]. Copyright De Gruyter, 2009.…”

Water Soluble Polymers

“…Chemical modification of GG has also been studied by many researchers as a method to overcome its inherent deficiencies, such as its facile biodegradability. Singh et al [85] compared the DR efficiencies of pristine GG, purified GG, and grafted GG in water, as shown in Figure 16. They found that the grafted GG copolymer combined the robustness of GG and the efficiency of the synthetic PAAM polymer, resulting in enhanced drag reduction efficiency.…”

Modification and Applications of Guar Gum in the Field of Green Chemistry

“…23.4). The easy approachability model was proposed by Singh in 1995 [21] and has been discussed in detail later on [16,17,43,46,[67][68][69].…”