Introduction: Positioning injuries are a known surgical complication and can result in significant patient morbidity. Studies have shown a small but significant number of neurovascular injuries associated with minimally invasive surgery, due to both patient and case-specific factors. We sought to review the available literature in regards to pathophysiological and practical recommendations. Methods: A literature search was conducted and categorized by level of evidence, with emphasis on prospective studies. The result comprised 14 studies, which were summarized and analyzed with respect to our study objectives. Results: While incidence of positioning injury has been identified in up to one-third of prospective populations, its true prevalence after surgery is likely 2%-5%. The mechanism is thought to be intraneural disruption from stretching or pressure, which results in decreased perfusion. On a larger scale, this vascular compromise can lead to ischemia and rhabdomyolysis. Prevention hinges on addressing patient modifiable factors such as body mass index, judicious positioning with appropriate devices, and intraoperative team awareness consisting of recurrent extremity checks and time management.
Conclusion:The risk for positioning injuries is underappreciated. Surgeons who perform minimally invasive surgery should discuss the potential for these complications with their patients, and operative teams should take steps to minimize risk factors. Keywords: positioning, neuropraxia, minimally invasive, robotic-assisted, injury, peripheral neuropathy
IntroductionInjury resulting from patient positioning is a known perioperative risk and a significant contributor to patient morbidity. These complications can range from transient peripheral neuropathies to compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis. There exists no comprehensive data on the incidence and costs though the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims study offers a glimpse: peripheral nerve injury, which represents just a subset of positioning injuries, made up 15% of claims across surgical disciplines. Nevertheless, the perception among many surgeons is that positioning injuries are rare events that "don't happen at our institution". This paper attempts to summarize what is known about the problem and offers insight on preventive measures and best practices.
MethodsOur goal was to scour the available literature with the following two broad aims. First, we sought to report on the incidence/prevalence of injuries and provide the theorized mechanisms of injury for understanding the pathophysiology. Second, we wanted to provide practical guidance on risk factors and prevention.We initially undertook a literature search of PubMed and Ovid medical databases. The search terms utilized included: positioning, injury, peripheral neuropathy, nerve injury, compartment syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, ischemic optic neuropathy, laparoscopic, robotic, and surgery in varied combinations. The search criteria and selection of articles are depicted in Figure 1.We limited ...