High strength metallurgical graphene as an additional reinforcing phase for carbon fibre composites

Kunikowska, A.; Szymański, W.; Jędrzejczak, Anna; Lipa, S.; Galazka, Maciej; Szlachetka, M.; Kula, P.

doi:10.1007/s43452-020-00024-2

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 37 publications

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“…In this context, the synthesis of graphene on liquid copper via the metallurgical method (High Strength Metallurgical Graphene -HSMG ® ) has attracted attention as a new avenue for the scalable production of highquality graphene [25][26][27][28] due to advantages such as: (i) it allows large graphene domains via low graphene nucleation density and faster growth rates at high temperature >1080 °C [29][30][31][32][33][34][35], (ii) the smooth liquid surface during growth coupled with the high temperature allows for potentially reduced defects in the graphene domains [29], and (iii) the liquid Cu enables the graphene domains to be mobile allowing self-assembly in a continuous film via domain rotation that could potentially minimize grain boundary defects [31,36]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the quality of HSMG ® for membrane applications (centimeter-scale areas) has not yet been assessed, evaluated or studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the quality of large-area monolayer graphene grown on liquid copper for size-selective ionic/molecular membrane separations

Romaniak,

Cheng,

Dybowski

et al. 2023

Mater. Res. Express

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Monolayer graphene growth on liquid copper (Cu) has attracted attention due to advantages of a flat/smooth catalytic growth surface, high synthesis temperature (>1080 °C) as well as the possibility of forming graphene domains that exhibit high mobility on the liquid Cu with potential to minimize grain boundary defects and self-assemble into a continuous monolayer film. However, the quality of monolayer graphene grown on liquid copper and its suitability for size-selective ionic/molecular membrane separations has not been evaluated/studied. Here, we probe the quality of monolayer graphene grown on liquid Cu (via a metallurgical process, HSMG®) using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), Raman spectroscopy and report on a facile approach to assess intrinsic sub-nanometer to nanometer-scale defects over centimeter-scale areas. We demonstrate high transfer yields of monolayer graphene (>93% coverage) from the growth substate to polyimide track etched membrane (PITEM, pore diameter ~200 nm) supports to form centimeter-scale atomically thin membranes. Next, we use pressure-driven transport of ethanol to probe defects > 60 nm and diffusion-driven transport of analytes (KCl ~0.66 nm, L-Tryptophan ~0.7-0.9 nm, Vitamin B12 ~1-1.5 nm and Lysozyme ~3.8-4 nm) to probe nanoscale and sub-nanometer scale defects. Diffusive transport confirms the presence of intrinsic sub-nanometer to nanometer scale defects in monolayer graphene grown on liquid Cu are no less than that in high-quality graphene synthesized via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on solid Cu. Our work not only benchmarks quality of graphene grown on liquid copper for membrane applications but also provides fundamental insights into the origin of intrinsic defects in large-area graphene synthesized via bottom-up processes for membrane applications.

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