High‐Strength Composites Based on 3D Printed Porous Scaffolds Infused with a Bioresorbable Mineral–Organic Bone Adhesive

Abstract

Bioresorbable bone adhesives are attractive materials for applications where bone repair, regeneration, or reconstruction is involved. They can potentially augment or replace metal fixation while allowing to avoid follow‐up procedures upon bone healing. Combining such bone adhesives with other clinically relevant materials could significantly improve the mechanical and biological properties of the resulting composite due to the strong adhesive interactions between the adhesive and the material. Herein, an efficient strategy is presented to create biomedically relevant biphasic scaffolds through filling 3D printed gyroid polymer or metal structures with a bioresorbable mineral‐organic bone adhesive. Due to the high interfacial adhesion of the bone adhesive and both polymers and metals, the biphasic scaffolds are efficiently stabilized by the bone adhesive, leading to a significant increase in the compressive strength and modulus. The 3D printed composite scaffolds infused with the bone adhesive possess improved mechanical properties and bioactivity while providing adhesion to bone facilitated by the bone adhesive regions and could potentially considerably improve clinical outcomes in orthopedic applications.

Design, Stereolithographic 3D Printing, and Characterization of TPMS Scaffolds

“…To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first work dealing with the production and comparison of two different TPMS-type scaffolds using the commercial Dental LT clear resin, which is commonly used for medical purposes. Looking at the previous literature, only one study was found, where Karillova et al [33] produced gyroid scaffolds using Dental LT clear resin by stereolithography and compared them with analogous structures obtained by using different materials and additive manufacturing techniques. However, that study was not addressed to assess the mechanical properties of the specific TMPS geometry, but to develop a strategy to create biomedically relevant composite scaffolds using a bioceramic-based bone adhesive.…”

3D and 4D assembly of functional structures using shape-morphing materials for biological applications

“…With advances in tissue and biomedical engineering, there is a growing demand for functional structures. Several methods, such as electrospinning ( Adadi et al, 2020 ), microfluidics ( Navaei-Nigjeh et al, 2023 ), and (bio)printing ( Kirillova et al, 2022 ), have been used to fabricate structures for tissue scaffolds, temporary or permanent implants, sensors, and minimally invasive devices. While improvements in some properties of these structures, such as biocompatibility and mechanical properties, fabricating sensors, scaffolds, and tissues that meet the needs of complex biological can laborious and methodologically difficult.…”