Abstract:Dynamic control of light based on gate‐tunable metasurfaces has revolutionized traditional optoelectronic devices due to its unprecedented compactness and versatile functionalities. However, these devices are typically based on metal‐insulator‐metal geometries that enable field‐effect modulation of only reflected light. Transmittance modulation techniques based on dielectric metasurfaces, despite their large modulation depth, have a disadvantage of low modulation speed due to high resistance of dielectric mate… Show more
“… Fig. 8 Electrically reconfigurable and tunable metasurfaces a Tunable ITO-assisted metasurface as a reflective beam steering platform [ 36 ], b Multifunctional metasurface with 96 independently addressable metasurface elements [ 37 ], c All-dielectric Huygens metasurface for dynamic transmission control [ 38 ], and d Gate-tunable metasurfaces for dynamic transmission control with hybrid plasmonic waveguide mode [ 39 ] …”
Section: Basic Mechanisms For Reconfigurable and Tunable Metasurfacesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…presented a gate‐tunable metasurface for the transmission control of incident light at near-infrared range using hybrid plasmonic waveguide modes to overcome the low modulation speed due to the high resistance of dielectric materials, as shown in Fig. 8 d [ 39 ]. The adoption of hybrid plasmonic waveguide mode using ITO material thus enables a high switching speed with a large modulation depth, revealing a modulation speed of around 826 kHz experimentally.…”
Section: Basic Mechanisms For Reconfigurable and Tunable Metasurfacesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among these exploited strategies, with regard to the revolutionary metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) have profoundly affected the semiconductor industry and our daily lives nowadays, the electrical modulation with a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) configuration can be a promising solution [ 29 – 31 ]. Therefore, several electrically tunable metasurfaces are implemented, and the corresponding electromagnetic responses can be dynamically controlled via applying different bias voltages [ 32 – 39 ].…”
Internet of Things (IoT) technology is prosperous for the betterment of human well-being. With the expeditious needs of miniature functional devices and systems for adaptive optics and light manipulation at will, relevant sensing techniques are thus in the urgent stage of development. Extensive developments in ultrathin artificial structures, namely metasurfaces, are paving the way for the next-generation devices. A bunch of tunable and reconfigurable metasurfaces with diversified catalogs of mechanisms have been developed recently, enabling dynamic light modulation on demand. On the other hand, monolithic integration of metasurfaces and light-emitting sources form ultracompact meta-devices as well as exhibiting desired functionalities. Photon-matter interaction provides revolution in more compact meta-devices, manipulating light directly at the source. This study presents an outlook on this merging paradigm for ultracompact nanophotonics with metasurfaces, also known as metaphotonics. Recent advances in the field hold great promise for the novel photonic devices with light emission and manipulation in simplicity.
“… Fig. 8 Electrically reconfigurable and tunable metasurfaces a Tunable ITO-assisted metasurface as a reflective beam steering platform [ 36 ], b Multifunctional metasurface with 96 independently addressable metasurface elements [ 37 ], c All-dielectric Huygens metasurface for dynamic transmission control [ 38 ], and d Gate-tunable metasurfaces for dynamic transmission control with hybrid plasmonic waveguide mode [ 39 ] …”
Section: Basic Mechanisms For Reconfigurable and Tunable Metasurfacesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…presented a gate‐tunable metasurface for the transmission control of incident light at near-infrared range using hybrid plasmonic waveguide modes to overcome the low modulation speed due to the high resistance of dielectric materials, as shown in Fig. 8 d [ 39 ]. The adoption of hybrid plasmonic waveguide mode using ITO material thus enables a high switching speed with a large modulation depth, revealing a modulation speed of around 826 kHz experimentally.…”
Section: Basic Mechanisms For Reconfigurable and Tunable Metasurfacesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among these exploited strategies, with regard to the revolutionary metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) have profoundly affected the semiconductor industry and our daily lives nowadays, the electrical modulation with a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) configuration can be a promising solution [ 29 – 31 ]. Therefore, several electrically tunable metasurfaces are implemented, and the corresponding electromagnetic responses can be dynamically controlled via applying different bias voltages [ 32 – 39 ].…”
Internet of Things (IoT) technology is prosperous for the betterment of human well-being. With the expeditious needs of miniature functional devices and systems for adaptive optics and light manipulation at will, relevant sensing techniques are thus in the urgent stage of development. Extensive developments in ultrathin artificial structures, namely metasurfaces, are paving the way for the next-generation devices. A bunch of tunable and reconfigurable metasurfaces with diversified catalogs of mechanisms have been developed recently, enabling dynamic light modulation on demand. On the other hand, monolithic integration of metasurfaces and light-emitting sources form ultracompact meta-devices as well as exhibiting desired functionalities. Photon-matter interaction provides revolution in more compact meta-devices, manipulating light directly at the source. This study presents an outlook on this merging paradigm for ultracompact nanophotonics with metasurfaces, also known as metaphotonics. Recent advances in the field hold great promise for the novel photonic devices with light emission and manipulation in simplicity.
“…[ 132 ] The control of transmission through a hybrid plasmonic waveguide has also demonstrated. [ 133 ] A change of transmission of around 33% was produced with a 6 V gate bias, with a fast modulation speed of around 826 kHz (Figure 5c). The hybridization of the fundamental waveguide mode of the bottom Si layer with the surface plasmon polaritons from the Au grating allows for a strong field enhancement in the active ITO layer.…”
In the field of nanophotonics, metasurfaces have come to the forefront in real‐world applications, owing to their accessible exotic optical properties that can be readily designed and fabricated using currently available techniques. The subwavelength dimensions and lightweight characteristics of metasurfaces are attractive qualities for the miniaturization of optical devices and are already exploited in devices that can rival, and sometimes even outperform, conventional bulky optics. Over the past decade, ample research has been undertaken to produce high‐performance metasurfaces with exciting optical properties that cannot be found in nature or achieved with conventional optics. To open the path to widely used devices in our everyday lives, the next obvious step for metasurfaces is the development of tunability. Herein, the techniques and development of applications of tunable metasurfaces are presented through the incorporation of active materials and controllable external stimuli, and the uncovered tunable characteristics are critically analyzed. The review rounds up by proposing the future directions and prospects for actively tunable metasurfaces and their potential practical applications.
“…Placing an ITO film inside a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic cavity, a tunable reflective absorber with up to 15% change in amplitude of reflected light was achieved 25 . A broadband electro-optical modulator based on a multilayer structure was able to attain 37% modulation depth for the reflected light when the incoming light has a 78° incidence angle 26 . A high-efficiency transmittance modulator using ITO-based metasurfaces and hybrid plasmonic waveguide mode has shown a 33% gate-tunable transmittance change by applying a 6 V gate bias 27 .…”
The lossy nature of indium tin oxide (ITO) at epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) wavelength is used to design an electrically tunable metasurface absorber. The metasurface unit cell is constructed of a circular resonator comprising two ITO discs and a high dielectric constant perovskite barium strontium titanate (BST) film. The ENZ wavelength in the accumulation and depletion layers of ITO discs is controlled by applying a single bias voltage. The coupling of magnetic dipole resonance with the ENZ wavelength inside the accumulation layer of ITO film causes total absorption of reflected light. The reflection amplitude can achieve ~84 dB or ~99.99% modulation depth in the operation wavelength of 820 nm at a bias voltage of −2.5 V. Moreover, the metasurface is insensitive to the polarization of the incident light due to the circular design of resonators and the symmetrical design of bias connections.
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