High speed steel produced by spray forming

Zhao, Shun-Li; Fan, Jun; Zhang, Jieyu; Chou, Kuo‐Chih; Le, Hai-Rong

doi:10.1007/s40436-016-0137-6

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…We hypothesize that the regions with pronounced texture are related to prior austenite grain boundaries, partially transforming to martensite during the cooling stage. In accordance with literature [15] high amounts of molybdenum carbides (Mo2C) are found.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Influence of Preheating Temperature on Hardness and Microstructure of PBF Steel hs6-5-3-8

Saewe¹,

Wilms²,

Jauer³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an additive manufacturing process employed in many industries, for example for aerospace, automotive and medical applications. In these sectors, mainly nickel-, aluminum- and titanium-based alloys are used. In contrast, the mechanical engineering industry is interested in more wear-resistant steel alloys with higher hardness, both of which can be achieved with a higher carbon content, like in high-speed steels. Since these steels are susceptible to cracking, preheating needs to be applied during processing by LPBF. In a previous study, we applied a base plate preheating temperature of 500 °C for HS6-5-3-8 with 1.3 % carbon content. We were able to manufacture dense (p > 99.9 %) and crack-free parts from HS6-5-3-8 with a hardness > 62 HRC (as built) by LPBF. In this study, we investigate the influence of preheating temperatures up to 600 °C on hardness and microstructure dependent on part height for HS6-5-3-8. The microstructure was studied by light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The analysis of hardness and microstructure at different part heights is necessary because state-of-the-art preheating systems induce heat only into the base plate. Consequently, parts are subjected to temperature gradients and different heat treatment effects depending on part height during the LPBF process.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Influence of Preheating Temperature on Hardness and Microstructure of PBF Steel hs6-5-3-8

Saewe¹,

Wilms²,

Jauer³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Besides the conventional production route with casting and hot forming, alternative manufacturing processes like spray forming [ 16–18 ] or powder metallurgy (PM) with hot isostatic pressing are available. Several studies found that powder metallurgic high‐speed steel exhibit higher toughness and better cutting performance compared to cast material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[9] During typical subsequent tempering at temperatures where a secondary hardening effect occurs, retained austenite decomposes, and the precipitation of finely dispersed tempering carbides occurs. [13][14][15] Besides the conventional production route with casting and hot forming, alternative manufacturing processes like spray forming [16][17][18] or powder metallurgy (PM) with hot isostatic pressing are available. Several studies found that powder metallurgic high-speed steel exhibit higher toughness and better cutting performance compared to cast material.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Carbide Morphology of PM High‐Speed Steel HS 6‐5‐3‐8

Disch

Benito

Röttger

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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Cutting tools are commonly made of high-speed steel to simultaneously fulfill the requirements regarding hardness, strength, and toughness. The microstructure of high-speed steel alloys in as-cast condition is characterized by a microstructure consisting of a metal matrix and eutectic carbides. [1][2][3][4] The further manufacturing route of these materials comprises hot forming to break down the carbide network [1,2] and subsequent heat treatment. The behavior of the carbides during austenitization was examined in several publications. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Metastable carbides with the stoichiometry M 2 C (M¼ metal atoms, C ¼ carbon), which are present after casting, are transformed to carbides of the types MC and M 6 C with the transformation path of [3,[10][11][12] Dependent on the austenitization temperature and time and thus on the amount of dissolved carbides, different contents of retained austenite remain after quenching. [9] During typical subsequent tempering at temperatures where a secondary hardening effect occurs, retained austenite decomposes, and the precipitation of finely dispersed tempering carbides occurs. [13][14][15] Besides the conventional production route with casting and hot forming, alternative manufacturing processes like spray forming [16][17][18] or powder metallurgy (PM) with hot isostatic pressing are available. Several studies found that powder metallurgic high-speed steel exhibit higher toughness and better cutting performance compared to cast material. [19][20][21][22][23] In most cases, this is explained by the finer distribution, the isotropic properties, and the more regular shape of the eutectic carbides due to the rapid solidification of the powder particles during powder manufacturing. The carbides are affected in their type, [8] size, [5,24] and distribution [25] by the process variables during primary manufacturing and different heat treatments. Mishnaevsky et al. have shown that the fracture in tool steels typically starts in or along eutectic carbides. [26] It is, therefore, to be assumed that the morphology of the eutectic carbides must have an influence on the mechanical properties of high-speed steels.High-speed steel alloys typically exhibit a transformation gap in the isothermal time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram. The scientific consensus is that no transformation of the metastable austenite takes place in the temperature regime of the transformation gap. [27] Kešner et al. found that the size of carbides is affected by hardening in a salt bath under isothermal conditions at temperatures between 300 and 650 °C, which is in the temperature regime of the transformation gap of high-speed steels. [28] However, previous works have paid no attention to the effect of different heat treatment parameters on the shape of eutectic carbides. Our preliminary work shows that isothermal

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“…The resistance of cutting tool materials to wear is the primary concern in their applicability in cutting operations [7]. The mechanical behavior of high-speed steels can be enhanced via surface coatings and their performance can be improved through modification, alloying, heat treatment and forging [8][9][10]. Plasma cladding involves the use of high-power density beam to a coat layer or layers of the surface parts for the improvement of the surface properties [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology, Hardness and Wear Properties of Plasma Cladding NiCrCu Coating on M2 High-Speed Steel

et al. 2020

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To improve the cutting performance, the red hardness and wear resistance of M2 high-speed steel, as well as expand the application field, in this work, a coating was fabricated via plasma cladding on M2 high-speed steel using Ni, Cr and Cu alloy elements as precursor materials. The distribution and composition of alloying elements, microhardness and wear resistance of the coating were studied. The results show that the NiCrCu cladding layer contains many types of carbides. The secondary hardening caused by the dispersion of carbides can significantly improve the hardness, red hardness and wear resistance of material. The hardness of cladding layer is above 950 HV, after holding at 600 °C for 4 h, the hardness is above 932 HV. The alloy elements are evenly distributed, but, due to the rapid solidification after the cladding, there are composition fluctuations in the longitudinal direction. The wear resistance of the cladding layer is excellent; the wear rate is reduced from 1.75 to 1.44 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1 or less; and the wear mechanism is a combination of abrasive wear and adhesive wear.

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High speed steel produced by spray forming

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Influence of Preheating Temperature on Hardness and Microstructure of PBF Steel hs6-5-3-8

Influence of Preheating Temperature on Hardness and Microstructure of PBF Steel hs6-5-3-8

Influence of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Carbide Morphology of PM High‐Speed Steel HS 6‐5‐3‐8

Morphology, Hardness and Wear Properties of Plasma Cladding NiCrCu Coating on M2 High-Speed Steel

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