“…HSRs are found to affect airline traffic, increase employment, affect GDP and income, promote academic cooperation, and encourage innovation by decreasing transportation costs in China ( Chen et al, 2016 , Lin, 2017 , Ke et al, 2017 , Dai et al, 2018 , Yu et al, 2019 , Zhang et al, 2019 , Dong et al, 2020 , Gao and Zheng, 2020 , Hanley et al, 2022 ). In other countries, existing studies also confirm that HSRs increase the GDP per capita, improve productivity, and affect airline passenger flows ( Cascetta et al, 2020 , Avogadro et al, 2021 , Bhatt and Kato, 2021 , Miwa et al, 2022 ). This paper complements existing studies by demonstrating that HSRs also contribute to the spread of a contagious disease.…”