High speed optical quantum random number generation

Fürst, Martin; Weier, Henning; Nauerth, Sebastian; Marangon, Davide G.; Kurtsiefer, Christian; Weinfurter, Harald

doi:10.1364/oe.18.013029

Cited by 162 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Indeed, the expression "QRNG" was first introduced for a device based on the decay of radioactive nuclei [1]. Afterwards, QRNGs exploiting the versatility of light were realized: such devices are based on optical processes such as photon welcher weg [2][3][4], photon time of arrival [5][6][7] or vacuum quadratures [8][9][10][11].Usually, the assessment of the randomness of the generated numbers is obtained by applying statistical tests on the output bits. In most of the QRNGs, passing the tests is the only method used to certify the randomness.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Source-Device-Independent Ultrafast Quantum Random Number Generation

Marangon¹,

Vallone²,

Villoresi³

2017

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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136

126

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Secure random numbers are a fundamental element of many applications in science, statistics, cryptography and more in general in security protocols. We present a method that enables the generation of high-speed unpredictable random numbers from the quadratures of an electromagnetic field without any assumption on the input state. The method allows to eliminate the numbers that can be predict due the presence of classical and quantum side information. In particular, we introduce a procedure to estimate a bound on the conditional min-entropy based on the Entropic Uncertainty Principle for position and momentum observables of infinite dimensional quantum systems. By the above method, we experimentally demonstrated the generation of secure true random bits at a rate greater than 1 Gbit/s.Introduction -Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG) exploits intrinsic probabilistic quantum processes to generate true random numbers. Indeed, the expression "QRNG" was first introduced for a device based on the decay of radioactive nuclei [1]. Afterwards, QRNGs exploiting the versatility of light were realized: such devices are based on optical processes such as photon welcher weg [2][3][4], photon time of arrival [5][6][7] or vacuum quadratures [8][9][10][11].Usually, the assessment of the randomness of the generated numbers is obtained by applying statistical tests on the output bits. In most of the QRNGs, passing the tests is the only method used to certify the randomness. In case of failure (attributed to hardware problem since the process is assumed to be "random"), numbers are algorithmically post-processed until the tests are passed.However, this procedure con only certifies that the numbers are identically and independently distributed (i.i.d.) with respect to those [12] applied tests. Indeed, a posteriori statistical tests cannot certify that the numbers are not known to someone possessing side information about the generator. For instance, it is not possible to eliminate hardware noise, which is a source of classical side information for an eavesdropper, Eve, who may be able to control it. Hence, a statistical test a posteriori cannot establish whether the numbers are originated by the quantum process or by the noisy hardware. Moreover, even assuming a QRNG with an ideal noiseless hardware, a statistical test cannot reveal whether the outputs arise from a a quantum measurements and then are intrinsically random. For instance, a polarization welcher weg QRNG with an optical source emitting photons in a completely mixed polarization state can be seen as the photonic version of a fair coin. The random sequence can be predicted by Eve if she knows "the coin's equations of motion" (namely she has classical side information) or if she holds a quantum system correlated with the QRNG (namely she has quantum side information).The quantity that evaluates the amount of side information on a random sequence Z is the so called conditional quantum min-entropy H min (Z|E) [13]. However, such min-entropy is generally hard to estimate....

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Source-Device-Independent Ultrafast Quantum Random Number Generation

Marangon¹,

Vallone²,

Villoresi³

2017

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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136

126

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“…The Bounded Storage Model is impractical to physically realise, and the Limited Access Model needs to overcome simple eavesdropping attacks. Moreover, each model requires an enormous amount of randomness: achievable bit rates of physical random number generators range from several kbit/s up to 400 Mbits/s [43,64], and recent experiments even achieve 300 Gbit/s [60], but are rather costly. Concerning long term storage of confidential data, proactive secret sharing presents a solution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long term confidentiality: a survey

Braun

Buchmann

Mullan

et al. 2012

Des. Codes Cryptogr.

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Abstract. Sensitive electronic data may be required to remain confidential for long periods of time. Yet encryption under a computationally secure cryptosystem cannot provide a guarantee of long term confidentiality, due to potential advances in computing power or cryptanalysis. Long term confidentiality is ensured by information theoretically secure ciphers, but at the expense of impractical key agreement and key management. We overview known methods to alleviate these problems, whilst retaining some form of information theoretic security relevant for long term confidentiality.

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“…The extraction ratio of 50% is lower than 14.1/16 ≈ 88% from the entropy bound estimated in (4). The recursion equations (8)(9)(10) and the reduced rate extraction is implemented in a complex programmable logical device (CPLD, Model LC4256 from Lattice semiconductor).…”

Section: Randomness Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Random numbers from vacuum fluctuations

Shi

Chng

Kurtsiefer

2016

Applied Physics Letters

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We implement a quantum random number generator based on a balanced homodyne measurement of vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. The digitized signal is directly processed with a fast randomness extraction scheme based on a linear feedback shift register. The random bit stream is continuously read in a computer at a rate of about 480 Mbit/s and passes an extended test suite for random numbers.

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High speed optical quantum random number generation

Cited by 162 publications

References 18 publications

Source-Device-Independent Ultrafast Quantum Random Number Generation

Source-Device-Independent Ultrafast Quantum Random Number Generation

Long term confidentiality: a survey

Random numbers from vacuum fluctuations

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