High-speed material jetting additive manufacturing of silicone structures: mechanical characterization

Liravi, Farzad; Salarian, Mehrnaz; Castel, Charles Dal; Simon, Leonardo C.; Toyserkani, Ehsan

doi:10.1007/s40964-019-00097-3

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…[ 106 ] 3D material extrusion is also the basis for several direct 3D printing of silicone approaches. [ 107 ] Selective laser sintering (SLS) fabricates objects by depositing a thin layer of polymer powder across the build plate and then selectively fusing the polymer in the layer to produce the desired solid pattern. [ 108 ] The build plate is then lowered, a recoater deposits a new layer of powder over the previous layer and the whole process repeats.…”

Section: From Hand‐crafting To Advanced Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 18 ] For example, the most common prosthetic material, silicone, is often cast in 3D printed molds for clinical use. [ 5,120 ] Research is also underway for direct 3D printing silicone via extrusion, [ 107,121 ] photocuring, [ 4,122 ] or material jetting methods, [ 15,123 ] although many challenges still remain. [ 124 ]…”

Section: Polymers In Prostheticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Direct approaches, on the other hand, involves the layer‐by‐layer extrusion, jetting, or polymerization of silicone. [ 107 ] Although desirable for ease‐of‐fabrication, the use of direct 3D silicone printing in prosthetics is limited due to visible layering from the progressive polymerization, potentially rendering the printed prosthetic visually unappealing. [ 4,15,17,107 ]…”

Section: Polymers In Prostheticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 17 ] Alternative approaches to 3D print silicone include extruding an RTV moisture‐cured silicone elastomer in place of a two‐part mixture, [ 193 ] or using a photoinitiated curable silicone which is then cross‐linked using a UV lamp. [ 107 ] Extruding silicone through nozzles is performed using either pneumatic or mechanical methods. Consequently, theoretical modeling of viscosity through various nozzle designs is of critical importance.…”

Section: Polymers In Prostheticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Past, Present, and Future of Soft‐Tissue Prosthetics: Advanced Polymers and Advanced Manufacturing

et al. 2020

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past 30 years, [12,13] it is only the last decade that has seen its rapid development as part of the fourth industrial revolution. [14] This change in practice is evidenced by the significant fraction of recent literature describing advances in 3D printed prostheses, including technological advances [4,15-18] and clinical reports. [19,20] Further innovations involving collaborations between clinicians, academics, and industry, promise even greater capabilities. The future will see 3D printers that can mix materials as desired during fabrication [21] and those that can 3D print organic semiconductors and piezoelectric polymers for sensing and bionics [22-24] (Figure 1). This report is focused on polymers for soft tissue, external, personalized, prosthetics with clinical applications for the ear, [25] nose, [26] eye, [27] face, [28] breast, [29] and hand. [30] The characteristics of both traditional and 3D printable polymeric materials, as well as current advanced manufacturing technologies and those in development, are also reviewed. The earliest evidence of prosthetics dates back to ≈2300 BC, where Egyptian mummies have been discovered with eye, nose, and genital reconstructions fashioned from plaster packed with mud, sand, linen, butter, or soda (Figure 1). [31] Wood, cloth, natural waxes, resins, and metals were later used as the material of choice for rudimentary prostheses. [32] Prostheses remained relatively unchanged for thousands of years until the 16th century, where prosthetic noses and eyes were made from parchment, wax, wood, hard rubber, gold, silver, and copper. [33] Metals continued as a fundamental material throughout the 19th century, largely due to their ability to be shaped and molded as needed. [34,35] One of the first polymers to be used in prosthetics, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), was developed in response to the glass shortages in the World Wars of the 20th Century. [36] This polymer went on to become the most common prosthetic material of the time, and still finds use today in artificial eyes [33] and prosthetic substructures. [37] Further innovations in the 20th century produced many new polymers, such as vinyls, copolymers, plastisols, and one of the most significant materials in prosthetics, silicone. [38] Discovered in the early 1900s by Fredrick Kipping, silicone was first used in prosthetics by George W Barnhart in 1960. [39] This versatile polymer remains a primary prosthetic material today due to its soft tissue-like properties, ease of manipulation, chemical inertness, durability, and excellent biocompatibility. [40,41] The search for alternative materials Millions of people worldwide experience disfigurement due to cancers, congenital defects, or trauma, leading to significant psychological, social, and economic disadvantage. Prosthetics aim to reduce their suffering by restoring aesthetics and function using synthetic materials that mimic the characteristics of native tissue. In the 1900s, natural materials used for thousands of years in prosthetics were replaced by syntheti...

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Section: From Hand‐crafting To Advanced Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymers In Prostheticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymers In Prostheticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymers In Prostheticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Past, Present, and Future of Soft‐Tissue Prosthetics: Advanced Polymers and Advanced Manufacturing

et al. 2020

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“…The 500 µm-wide minimum structural linewidth is larger than PDMS structures made using other additive manufacturing methods. [42] For example, PDMS has been pneumatically extruded through a syringe with minimum diameter of 200 µm to form synthetic spider webs. [43] Photopatternable PDMS has made linewidths down to 100 µm in 20-80 µm thick films.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inkjet Printing of Curing Agent on Thin PDMS for Local Tailoring of Mechanical Properties

Naserifar

Yerneni

Weiss

et al. 2020

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Rapid prototyping of thin, stretchable substrates with engineered stiffness gradients at desired locations has potential impact in the robustness of skin‐wearable electronics, as the gradients can inhibit cracking of interconnect and delamination of embedded electronic chips. Drop‐on‐demand inkjetting of thinned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) curing agent onto a spin‐cast 80 µm‐thick 20:1 (base: curing agent) PDMS substrate sets the elastic modulus of the subsequently cured film with sub‐millimeter accuracy. The inkjet process creates digitally defined stiffness gradient spans as small as 100 µm for single droplets. Varying the drop density results in differences in elastic modulus of up to 80%. In jetting tests of curing agent into pure base PDMS, a continuous droplet spacing of 100 µm results in smooth lines with total widths of 1 mm and a curing agent gradient span of ≈300 µm. Release of freeform mesh elastomer microstructures by removing the uncured base after selective jetting of curing agent into pure base PDMS results in structural line width resolution down to 500 µm.

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Analytical Characterisation of 3D‐Printed Medicines

Lima,

Sá‐Barreto,

Cunha‐Filho

2024

3D Printing of Pharmaceutical and Drug Delivery Devices

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High-speed material jetting additive manufacturing of silicone structures: mechanical characterization

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

Past, Present, and Future of Soft‐Tissue Prosthetics: Advanced Polymers and Advanced Manufacturing

Past, Present, and Future of Soft‐Tissue Prosthetics: Advanced Polymers and Advanced Manufacturing

Inkjet Printing of Curing Agent on Thin PDMS for Local Tailoring of Mechanical Properties

Analytical Characterisation of 3D‐Printed Medicines

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