High-speed electron-beam water treatment: A technological consideration

Пономарев, А. В.

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108812

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Therefore, accelerators with the highest efficiency for converting the supplied electric power to beam power (up to 90% or more) are used in ELT. Direct-current (DC) accelerators are preferred. ,,,,− They generate continuous scanned electron beams with a high beam current (tens of mA) and a high current density (of the order of 50–100 μA cm –2 ). The acceleration occurs under the influence of the potential difference between the cathode and the anode in a vacuum accelerating tube.…”

Section: Beam Power Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Green Method in Water Management: Electron Beam Treatment

Пономарев

Ершов

2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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During the prebiotic era, radiolytic transformations in the oceans played a key role in purifying water from toxic impurities and, thus, played a role in the formation of the aquatic environment of our planet, making it suitable for the emergence of life. Today, the planet again faces the challenge of how to provide people with clean water. Therefore, it is reasonable to look back at past historical stages and again consider the possibility of neutralizing pollutants in water by means of radiolysis, which has already been tested by time. Modern radiolytic treatments can be much faster and safer thanks to the advent of powerful electron accelerators and high-rate electron beam treatment (ELT) of water and wastewater. Radiolytic treatment of water using accelerated electrons corresponds to the essence of advanced oxidative technologies and green chemistry. The ELT of water instantly generates a high concentration of short-lived radicals that can quickly neutralize and decompose chemical and bacterial pollutants. Due to the ability of accelerated electrons to penetrate into a substance, ELT provides the decomposition of both dissolved and suspended pollutants. The cleaning effect of ELT is due to the ability to inactivate toxic and chromophore functional groups, transform impurities into an easily removable form, damage the DNA of microorganisms and their spore forms, and increase the biodegradability of organic impurities. The use of ELT in water treatment provides significant savings in chemical reagents, thereby improving quality and reducing the number of cleaning steps. The compactness, high degree of automation of the equipment used, energy efficiency, high productivity, and excellent compatibility with traditional water treatment methods are important advantages of ELT. Unlike conventional chemicals, the excess radicals generated in the ELT process are converted back to water and hydrogen; thus, the chemical and corrosive activity of water does not increase. Equipping research institutes with electron accelerators, developing cheaper accelerators, and granting government support for pilot projects are key conditions for introducing ELT into water treatment practice.

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Section: Beam Power Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Green Method in Water Management: Electron Beam Treatment

Пономарев

Ершов

2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Due to their orientation, accelerators are placed in rooms with a height of 8–12 m . The accelerator capacity is usually ≤5 MeV for small/medium accelerators and greater than ≥5 MeV for larger ones . The costs of treatment are highly influenced by the accelerator capacity, applied dose, and design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their orientation, accelerators are placed in rooms with a height of 8−12 m. 33 The accelerator capacity is usually ≤5 MeV for small/medium accelerators and greater than ≥5 MeV for larger ones. 34 The costs of treatment are highly influenced by the accelerator capacity, applied dose, and design. For an adsorbed dose of 1 kGy and at a power of 400−500 kW, the cost of water treatment by e-beam 33 can vary from USD$0.05 to 0.11 per m 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Evaluation of Electron Beam Treatment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Water: A Critical Review

et al. 2021

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Due to their recalcitrant nature and ubiquitous use, per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) will continue to be major water treatment hurdles. Although effective water treatment technologies exist for physical removal of many PFAS from water (e.g., activated carbon and ion-exchange resin), a PFAS-concentrated waste stream is generated as an end product that can potentially reintroduce PFAS back into the environment. Thus, there is an increased interest in developing destructive technologies to decompose and mineralize PFAS directly in water or in these waste streams. High energy electron beam (e-beam) accelerators have been used for water treatment to degrade a wide range of recalcitrant contaminants, including PFAS, since the 1960s. However, large-scale applications of e-beam for water treatment are restricted due to its high energy consumption and inability to treat large flow rates. Considering there are very few available technologies for destructive removal of PFAS, this study provides a critical review on the treatment of PFAS by direct irradiation of contaminated water by e-beam from an energy consumption point of view. To date, very limited studies have been conducted to investigate the success of this technology to treat PFAS. Results from the limited studies were not directly comparable due to the variation in operating conditions and water quality parameters used in the studies. Here, for the first time, we develop and apply the concept of electrical energy per order (EE/O) to assess the performance of e-beam for PFAS treatment. Results show that EE/O is a better performance parameter than the G value of e-beam for interstudy comparisons and to evaluate the effects of water quality and operating parameters on e-beam performance. We additionally developed a kinetic scheme to predict the performance of e-beam to treat PFAS and revealed that the competition between species to react with aqueous electrons is the determinant factor influencing PFAS degradation efficiency. Comparison of EE/O values of e-beam (range: 31−176 kWh m −3 order −1 ) with other destructive technologies (range: 5−9595 kWh m −3 order −1 ) suggest that e-beam, for PFAS treatment, is a promising approach under favorable conditions. This review further elucidates the feasibility and limitations of e-beam technology that could be improved upon to potentially make e-beam viable for large-scale water treatment applications.

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“…The beam power level of medium energy accelerators are typically up to 1 MW and these have either self shielding or permanent shielding cell depending upon power level as well as applications. EB of this energy range are mainly utilized for cable insulations, crosslinking of wires, vulcanization of tyre components, treatment of flue gases and waste water [23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. In this type mostly Dynamitron acceleration principle (type of direct acceleration) is applied in which a multistage rectifier circuit is energized using a parallel array of gas-insulated coupling capacitors.…”

Section: Medium Energy Electron Acceleratormentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Beam Induced Tailoring of Electrical Characteristics of Organic Semiconductor Films

et al. 2020

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Tailoring the characteristics of organic semiconductors including molecular semiconductor and conducting polymers is the frontline area of research for improving the performance of organic electronic devices. Electron beam treatment has been established as one of the easiest method in comparison to others like chemical doping, thermal processing, ozonolysis, UV and other ionizing radiation treatment, to tune the physico-chemical properties of organic semiconductors. High energy electron beam (EB) generated from an accelerators impinges energy to the material and causes several phenomena including doping, crosslinking, chain degradation, gas evolution, molecular structural modifications, oxidation and unsaturation. Such modifications lead to variation in electrical characteristics and consequently affect the overall device performances. In the present review we have focused on the different interaction processes of EB with organic semiconductors and its implications to tailor the performance of device comprising of it mainly gas sensors, field effect transistors, thermoelectric power generators and radiation dosimeters.

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High-speed electron-beam water treatment: A technological consideration

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

The Green Method in Water Management: Electron Beam Treatment

The Green Method in Water Management: Electron Beam Treatment

Energy Evaluation of Electron Beam Treatment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Water: A Critical Review

Electron Beam Induced Tailoring of Electrical Characteristics of Organic Semiconductor Films

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