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2016
DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.003806
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High-speed 3-D measurement with a large field of view based on direct-view confocal microscope with an electrically tunable lens

Abstract: We propose a new structure of confocal imaging system based on a direct-view confocal microscope (DVCM) with an electrically tunable lens (ETL). Since it has no mechanical moving parts to scan both the lateral (x-y) and axial (z) directions, the DVCM with an ETL allows for high-speed 3-dimensional (3-D) imaging. Axial response and signal intensity of the DVCM were analyzed theoretically according to the pinhole characteristics. The system was designed to have an isotropic spatial resolution of 20 µm in both la… Show more

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Cited by 29 publications
(13 citation statements)
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References 31 publications
(32 reference statements)
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“…Furthermore, these methods can only provide two-dimensional (2D) images of the particle morphology. Three-dimensional (3D) morphology can be retrieved by imaging the particle from different angles, with Fourier ptychography 26,27 and optical diffraction tomography 28 , or by scanning the whole particle volume with confocal imaging 29 . However, these methods require several measurements throughout one 3D scan.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, these methods can only provide two-dimensional (2D) images of the particle morphology. Three-dimensional (3D) morphology can be retrieved by imaging the particle from different angles, with Fourier ptychography 26,27 and optical diffraction tomography 28 , or by scanning the whole particle volume with confocal imaging 29 . However, these methods require several measurements throughout one 3D scan.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As another limiting factor, these methods only provide twodimensional (2D) images of the particle morphology. Truly three-dimensional (3D) morphologies can be retrieved by imaging particles from different angles, for example, with Fourier ptychography 29,30 or optical diffraction tomography 31 , or by scanning the whole particle volume using confocal imaging 32 . However, these methods suffer from reduced temporal resolution in the range of milliseconds or seconds because several measurements are required to acquire the whole 3D information.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A challenge with conventional light microscopy methods is that these methods work in fixed imaging planes 46 , which precludes determining aerosol dynamics, phase, and three-dimensional (3D) morphology of aerosols 46 . However, the 3D structure information can be obtained using Fourier ptychography 47 , optical diffraction tomography 48 , or by scanning the whole sample/particle volume using confocal imaging 49 . All these existing microscopy techniques have significant advantages, yet they cannot track moving particles in situ or in real time, precluding their application to dynamic media, such as air.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%