High spatial and temporal resolution mobile incoherent Doppler lidar for sea surface wind measurements

Liu, Zhishen; Liu, Bingyi; Wu, Songhua; Li, Zhigang; Wang, Zhangjun

doi:10.1364/ol.33.001485

Cited by 42 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Much like SODAR, modern LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) devices designed for wind energy purposes rely on the detection and frequency analysis of backscattered waves [27,28,29]. As in SODAR, the wind velocity component along with the observation direction is obtained through a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) of a Doppler-shifted signal.…”

Section: Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As opposed to SODAR, however, where beam steering relies on phase shifts between the speaker units contained in the antenna, requiring a relatively complex electronic control scheme, laser beams can be easily rotated by means of a rotating wedge, in order to acquire redundant information by performing a full 360° scan around the vertical axis. (28) where the parameters a, b, and c can be obtained from a non-linear least-square fit to the experimental data. From the geometry of the arrangement we can then calculate the wind velocity components according to…”

Section: Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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State of the Art and Trends in Wind Resource Assessment

Probst

Cárdenas

2010

Energies

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Given the significant rise of the utilization of wind energy the accurate assessment of the wind potential is becoming increasingly important. Direct applications of wind assessment techniques include the creation of wind maps on a local scale (typically 5-20 km) and the micrositing of wind turbines, the estimation of vertical wind speed variations, prospecting on a regional scale (>100 km), estimation of the long-term wind resource at a given site, and forecasting. The measurement of wind speed and direction still widely relies on cup anemometers, though sonic anemometers are becoming increasingly popular. Moreover, remote sensing by Doppler techniques using the backscattering of either sonic beams (SODAR) or light (LIDAR) allowing for vertical profiling well beyond hub height are quickly moving into the mainstream. Local wind maps are based on the predicted modification of the regional wind flow pattern by the local atmospheric boundary layer which in turn depends on both topographic and roughness features and the measured wind rose obtained from one or several measurement towers within the boundaries of the planned development site. Initial models were based on linearized versions of the Navier-Stokes equations, whereas more recently full CFD models have been applied to wind farm micrositing. Linear models tend to perform well for terrain slopes lower than about 25% and have the advantage of short execution times. Long-term performance is frequently estimated from correlations with nearby reference stations with concurrent information and continuous time series over a period of at least 10 years. Simple methods consider only point-to-point linear correlations; more advanced methods like multiple regression techniques and methods based on the theory of distributions will be discussed. Both for early prospecting in regions where only scarce or unreliable reference OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2010, 3 1088 information is available, wind flow modeling on a larger scale (mesoscale) is becoming increasingly popular.

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Section: Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar)mentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art and Trends in Wind Resource Assessment

Probst

Cárdenas

2010

Energies

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“…This Rayleigh cross-section follows a λ −4 relation and, hence, shorter wavelengths exhibit greater scattering effects. Because of the extreme low backscattering cross section, lidar usually uses the high sensitive photon detector and photon counting technology to obtain the return signal from long distance by a long time accumulation [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Because of the strong solar background, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of lidar during daytime could be greatly restricted, especially for the lidar operating at visible spectral region where solar background is prominent [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prototype provides some theoretical references for optimized design of photon counting lidar in the visible spectral region with comparable SNR at night, which may contribute to the research on diurnal variation of the atmosphere and to the operational observation of lidar. The ongoing procedures included the application of atomic vapor filter as the receiver taking maximum heritages of traditional HSRL for wind, temperature and aerosol probing [6][7][8][9][10]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fraunhofer Lidar Prototype in the Green Spectral Region for Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observations

Wu¹,

Song²,

Liu³

2013

Remote Sensing

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A lidar detects atmospheric parameters by transmitting laser pulse to the atmosphere and receiving the backscattering signals from molecules and aerosol particles. Because of the small backscattering cross section, a lidar usually uses the high sensitive photomultiplier and avalanche photodiode as detector and uses photon counting technology for collection of weak backscatter signals. Photon Counting enables the capturing of extremely weak lidar return from long distance, throughout dark background, by a long time accumulation. Because of the strong solar background, the signal-to-noise ratio of lidar during daytime could be greatly restricted, especially for the lidar operating at visible wavelengths where solar background is prominent. Narrow band-pass filters must therefore be installed in order to isolate solar background noise at wavelengths close to that of the lidar receiving channel, whereas the background light in superposition with signal spectrum, limits an effective margin for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement. This work describes a lidar prototype operating at the Fraunhofer lines, the invisible band of solar spectrum, to achieve photon counting under intense solar background. The photon counting lidar prototype in Fraunhofer lines devised was used to observe the atmospheric boundary layer. The SNR was improved 2-3 times by operating the lidar at the wavelength in solar dark lines. The aerosol extinctions illustrate the vertical structures of aerosol in the atmospheric boundary over Qingdao suburban during summer 2011.

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“…system has been confirmed up to the heights of 15 km in the night and 12 km in the day time [3]. The system has also shown good performance in measuring sea surface winds (SSW) in high spatial and temporal resolution [4]. All these measurements were performed with the LIDAR system stationary, level-adjusted and stable, as the exact direction of the laser beam was critical for its good performance in elevation-over-azimuth scans [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Implementation of Vibration Isolation System for Mobile Doppler Wind LIDAR

Song

Chen

Liu

et al. 2013

Journal of the Optical Society of Korea

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The operation of a Doppler wind LIDAR in a mobile environment is very sensitive to shocks and vibrations, which can cause critical failures such as misalignment of the optical path and damage to optical components. To be able to stabilize the LIDAR and to perform wind field measurements in motion, a shock absorption and vibration isolation system was designed and implemented. The performance of the vehicle-mounted Doppler wind LIDAR was tested in motion, first in a circular test route with a diameter of about 30 m and later in regular expressway traffic. The vibration isolation efficiency of the system was found to be higher than 82% in the main vibration area and shock dynamic deflection was smaller than maximal deflection of the isolator. The stability of the laser locking frequency in the same mobile environment before and after the vibration isolation system installation was also found to be greatly improved. The reliability of the vibration isolation system was confirmed by good results of the analysis of the LIDAR data, in particular the plane position indicator of the line of sight velocity and the wind profile.

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High spatial and temporal resolution mobile incoherent Doppler lidar for sea surface wind measurements

Cited by 42 publications

References 6 publications

State of the Art and Trends in Wind Resource Assessment

State of the Art and Trends in Wind Resource Assessment

Fraunhofer Lidar Prototype in the Green Spectral Region for Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observations

Design and Implementation of Vibration Isolation System for Mobile Doppler Wind LIDAR

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