High SNP density in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, the principal vector of Lyme disease spirochetes

Zee, J. van der; Black, William C.; Levin, Michael; Goddard, Jerome; Smith, Joshua D.; Piesman, Joseph

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.07.005

Cited by 23 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the I. scapularis genome reinforces the hypothesis that these ticks recolonized northern North America after the most recent glaciation event and that northern populations are genetically less diverse than southern populations ( 21 ). Moreover, analyses of single-nucleotide polymorphism data are consistent with south-to-north postglaciation gene flow, whereby northern American-clade populations are a subset of the genetic variation found in southern-clade populations ( 21 ) resulting from founder effects when ticks recolonized northern latitudes ( 22 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Moreover, analyses of single-nucleotide polymorphism data are consistent with south-to-north postglaciation gene flow, whereby northern American-clade populations are a subset of the genetic variation found in southern-clade populations ( 21 ) resulting from founder effects when ticks recolonized northern latitudes ( 22 ). Tick populations within both LD-endemic foci show signs of genetic isolation from one another and from southern populations ( 22 ), and evidence exists for similar lack of gene flow among populations within regions ( 19 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

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Lyme Disease, Virginia, USA, 2000–2011

Brinkerhoff¹,

Gilliam²,

Gaines³

2014

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Lyme Disease, Virginia, USA, 2000–2011

Brinkerhoff¹,

Gilliam²,

Gaines³

2014

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…A recent comparison of partial genome sequences from I. scapularis (n = 40) suggests that ticks may have some of the highest SNP densities of all eukaryotes, about one SNP per 14 nucleotide positions (Van Zee et al, 2013). Although four different nucleotide states are possible at any given position, SNPs usually consist of biallelic changes due to their low substitution rate (Vignal et al, 2002).…”

Section: Molecular Tools For Population Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thirty years of tick population genetics: A comprehensive review

Araya-Anchetta

Busch

Scoles

et al. 2015

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

115

109

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Population genetic studies provide insights into the basic biology of arthropod disease vectors by estimating dispersal patterns and their potential to spread pathogens. In wingless vectors, such as ticks, gene flow will be defined in large part by the mobility of their hosts. However, tick behaviors and life cycle strategies can limit their dispersal even on highly mobile hosts and lead to an increase in genetic structure. In this review we synthesize the published literature from three decades of tick population genetic studies. Based on studies from 22 tick species (including representatives from Amblyomma, Bothriocroton, Dermacentor, Ixodes, Ornithodoros, and Rhipicephalus), observed levels of population genetic structure in ticks varied from no structure to very high levels. In about half of the species (including representatives from Amblyomma, Bothriocroton, Dermacentor, and Ornithodoros), tick genetic structure appeared to be determined primarily by the movement capacity of hosts, with low gene flow observed in ticks that use smaller bodied less mobile hosts and high gene flow in ticks using highly mobile hosts. In a number of other species (primarily from Ixodes, Ornithodoros, and Rhipicephalus), behavioral limitations to gene flow appeared to result in greater genetic structure than expected based upon host movement capability alone. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of genetic markers and their applicability to ticks and suggest possible analyses when planning population genetic studies for ticks.

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“…The genetic background of each tick colony was established by sequencing a 433 bp DNA fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene (Van Zee et al 2013). This fragment is enough to allow classification by haplotype as previously described (Qiu et al 2002).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The division between "All American" and "Southern" lineages was first established by Norris (Norris et al 1996), but Qiu further refined the classification, stating that I. scapularis haplotypes in North America can be divided into two major clades-the All American Clade (haplotypes A through J), and the Southern Clade (M through O; Qiu et al 2002). A recent analysis utilizing single-nucleotide polymorphisms supports this view, showing that I. scapularis ticks collected from Mississippi and Georgia display greater genetic variation than those from New Jersey or Virginia (Van Zee et al 2013). This genetic variation may affect tick feeding success and vector competence among southern I. scapularis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Comparison of Tick Feeding Success and Vector Competence for Borrelia burgdorferi Among Immature Ixodes scapularis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) of Both Southern and Northern Clades

Goddard

Embers

Hojgaard

et al. 2015

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Northern and southern Ixodes scapularis Say populations differ greatly in density, host utilization, and especially questing behavior of the immatures. Haplotypes of I. scapularis in North America can be divided into two major clades-the All American Clade (haplotypes A through J) and the Southern Clade (M through O). This genetic variation may affect feeding success and vector competence. This study compared feeding success of larval I. scapularis measured by time-to-drop-off and subsequent transmissibility success of Borrelia burgdorferi to mice using ticks from Mississippi, Connecticut (both F haplotype), and Louisiana (haplotype O). Northern ticks (CT) fed to repletion much faster than MS and LA ticks: overall, 73.6% of CT ticks had dropped off mice at Day 3 compared to only 1.7% and 6.6% of ticks dropped off for MS and LA ticks at that same time point. As for vector competence, 4 of the 4 mice in each case (MS or CT) that had been fed on by infected nymphs tested positive for B. burgdorferi. In a second experiment, 5 of the 6 mice tested positive for B. burgdorferi after exposure to infected LA ticks as compared with 3 of the 4 mice exposed to infected CT ticks. These data demonstrate that there is no difference in northern and southern populations of I. scapularis in their ability to transmit B. burgdorferi, but the ability of the northern populations to feed rapidly on rodents exceeds that of southern populations.

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High SNP density in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, the principal vector of Lyme disease spirochetes

Cited by 23 publications

References 53 publications

Lyme Disease, Virginia, USA, 2000–2011

Lyme Disease, Virginia, USA, 2000–2011

Thirty years of tick population genetics: A comprehensive review

Comparison of Tick Feeding Success and Vector Competence for Borrelia burgdorferi Among Immature Ixodes scapularis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) of Both Southern and Northern Clades

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