High seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among high-density communities in Saudi Arabia

Almudarra, Sami; Kamel, Shady; Saleh, Eman A.; Alaswad, Rehab; Alruwaily, Amaal; Almowald, Shaza; Alqunaibet, Ada; Almudiaheem, Abdullah; Almutlaq, Hind; Alserehi, Haleema; Almalki, Safar; Bahlaq, Mohannad Abdulhafiz; Alsahafi, Abdullah J.; Alsaif, Faisal; Khojah, Abdullah T.; Al‐Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Asiri, Sari; Assiri, Abdullah; Jokhdar, Hani

doi:10.1007/s15010-021-01726-2

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Studies conducted among adult populations reported seroprevalence rates ranging from 1.4% to 50.2%. Other adult studies have also found different seroprevalence values [10,[21][22][23][24]. This study was conducted before the Saudi MoH offered the COVID-19 vaccine for children between 5 and11 years of age, starting in February 2022.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Children Visiting a Tertiary Hospital during the Prevaccination Period, Southwest Region, Saudi Arabia

Asseri

Alsabaani

2022

Vaccines

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Background: In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, tests to ascertain whether individuals were infected with SARS-CoV-2 were often unavailable. One method to deal with this issue is to test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This study sought to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children in Saudi Arabia before vaccines were available to them. Methods: This study was conducted among children who visited the tertiary Maternity and Children Hospital in Abha city, Saudi Arabia. Serum samples were screened for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies using ELISA. The crude and adjusted seroprevalence values among the studied children were calculated. Results: Among the 413 children studied, the ages of enrolled patients ranged from newborn to 12 years, with a median age of three years. We identified 127 (30.7%) seropositive children. IgG was exclusively positive in 43 (10.4%); IgM was exclusively positive in 8 (1.9%), and IgA was exclusively positive in 15 (3.6%) children. Conclusions: This study is the first to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among the pediatric population seeking medical care in southwestern Saudi Arabia. The findings shed light on the dynamics of virus transmission in the community and provide a good reference for future studies. Future research should examine factors related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroprevalence among pediatric populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Children Visiting a Tertiary Hospital during the Prevaccination Period, Southwest Region, Saudi Arabia

Asseri

Alsabaani

2022

Vaccines

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“…[24] Although adults in other settings may have been vaccinated before their first SARS-CoV-2 infection, most children have not been. [6][7][8][9] However, both infection then vaccination and vaccination then infection produces broad, hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 with no observed differences by sequence. [32][33][34][35] Our study highlights the differences in SARS-CoV-2 transmission between children and adolescents and adults which may impact transmission dynamics and the transition to endemicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5] Given the high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants, many children have already been infected worldwide. [6][7][8][9]. Further, as of June 2022, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine availability and uptake has been limited for children globally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection-induced immunity is associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, but not decreased infectivity during household transmission

Frutos

Kuan

López

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Understanding the impact of infection-induced immunity on SARS-CoV-2 transmission will provide insight into the transition of SARS-CoV-2 to endemicity. Here we estimate the effects of prior infection induced immunity and children on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households. Methods We conducted a household cohort study between March 2020-June 2022 in Managua, Nicaragua where when one household member tests positive for SARS-CoV-2, household members are closely monitored for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using a pairwise survival model, we estimate the association of infection period, age, symptoms, and infection-induced immunity with secondary attack risk. Results Overall transmission occurred in 72.4% of households, 42% of household contacts were infected and the secondary attack risk was 13.0% (95% CI: 11.7, 14.6). Prior immunity did not impact the probability of transmitting SARS-CoV-2. However, participants with pre-existing infection-induced immunity were half as likely to be infected compared to naive individuals (RR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.72), but this reduction was not observed in children. Likewise, symptomatic infected individuals were more likely to transmit (RR 24.4, 95% CI: 7.8, 76.1); however, symptom presentation was not associated with infectivity of young children. Young children were less likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 than adults. During the omicron era, infection-induced immunity remained protective against infection. Conclusions Infection-induced immunity is associated with protection against infection for adults and adolescents. While young children are less infectious, prior infection and asymptomatic presentation did not reduce their infectivity as was seen in adults. As SARS-CoV-2 transitions to endemicity, children may become more important in transmission dynamics.

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Infection-Induced Immunity Is Associated With Protection Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Decreased Infectivity

Frutos

Kuan

López

et al. 2023

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Background The impact of infection-induced immunity on SARS-CoV-2 transmission has not been well established. Here we estimate the effects of prior infection induced immunity in adults and children on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households. Methods We conducted a household cohort study between March 2020-November 2022 in Managua, Nicaragua where when one household member tests positive for SARS-CoV-2, household members are closely monitored for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using a pairwise survival model, we estimate the association of time period, age, symptoms, and prior infection with secondary attack risk. Results Overall, transmission occurred in 70.2% of households, 40.9% of household contacts were infected, and the secondary attack risk ranged from 8.1%1 to 13.9% depending on the time period. Symptomatic infected individuals were more infectious (RR 21.2, 95% CI: 7.4-60.7) and participants with a prior infection were half as likely to be infected compared to naïve individuals (RR 0.52, 95% CI:0.38-0.70). In models stratified by age, prior infection was associated with decreased infectivity in adults and adolescents (SAR 12.3, 95% CI: 10.3, 14.8 vs 17.5, 95% CI: 14.8, 20.7). However, while young children were less likely to transmit, neither prior infection nor symptom presentation was associated with infectivity. During the Omicron era, infection-induced immunity remained protective against infection. Conclusions Infection-induced immunity is associated with decreased infectivity for adults and adolescents. While young children are less infectious, prior infection and asymptomatic presentation did not reduce their infectivity as was seen in adults. As SARS-CoV-2 transitions to endemicity, children may become more important in transmission dynamics.

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High seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among high-density communities in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Children Visiting a Tertiary Hospital during the Prevaccination Period, Southwest Region, Saudi Arabia

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Children Visiting a Tertiary Hospital during the Prevaccination Period, Southwest Region, Saudi Arabia

Infection-induced immunity is associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, but not decreased infectivity during household transmission

Infection-Induced Immunity Is Associated With Protection Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Decreased Infectivity

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