High sensitivity to androgen as a contributing factor in sex differences in the immune response

Da, Cohn

doi:10.1002/art.1780221109

Cited by 69 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Although conflicting evidence exists, gender differences in immune response of mammals have been linked to sensitivity to sex hormones (Cohn, 1979). The effects of sex steroids on the immune system of reptiles have rarely been investigated.…”

Section: Testosterone and Other Sex Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of stress: interactions with reproduction, immunology and intermediary metabolism

GuilletteJr.¹,

Cree²,

Rooney³

1995

Health and Welfare of Captive Reptiles

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Animals must maintain a steady physiological state, homeostasis, in response to a changing environment. An understanding of the stress response is essential if one is to appreciate the complex physiological mechanisms maintaining homeostasis in vertebrates. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of the biology of stress is essential if we are to reduce stress in the care of any vertebrate species, induding those that are not domesticated and traditional laboratory animals.The goals of this chapter are to review our knowledge of the phenomenon of the physiological stress response in vertebrates generally, and then to describe in detail the limited information available on the biology of stress in reptiles. We shall not deal with psychic or emotional considerations of stress in reptiles. Specifically, we focus on the interactions between the physiological stress response and reproduction, immune function and intermediary metabolism. These three areas are critical to any husbandry and captive management programme. If not prevented or countermanded, the detrimental aspects of the stress response mounted by, for example,

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Section: Testosterone and Other Sex Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of stress: interactions with reproduction, immunology and intermediary metabolism

GuilletteJr.¹,

Cree²,

Rooney³

1995

Health and Welfare of Captive Reptiles

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“…The X chromosome harbours many gene !t)ci with polcniial imponancc for sij.Sfcptibility lo autoimmune arthritis. Among these are genes controlling sex hormone responsiveness, such as the androgcn receptor gene which is known lo determine androgcn responsiveness (25). and the steroid sulphatase gene which regulates the activity of sex steroids in various tissues [2f)], Another gene located on the X chromosome which might have an intlLjencc on lhe inllammatory process involving collagen isTIMP, the glycoprotein tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases that inhibits collagenase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genes on the X chromosome affect development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice

Jansson

Holmdahl

1993

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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SUMMARY Susceptibility to collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in mice is associated with a class II gene in MHC (Aq) but also with unknown genes outside MHC. Investigated here is the influence of genes on the X chromosome as well as the role of the X‐linked immunodeficiency (xid) mutation. Reciprocal male F1 hybrids, bred to be heterozygous or homozygous for Aq, showed a genetic influence in their susceptibility to develop CIA. Crosses were made between B10.G, B10Q, DBA/I, SWR/J, C3H.Q and CBA/Ca, and all Fi mice were castrated to avoid sex hormone modulation of the susceptibility. A differential timing of arthritis onset and severity were seen in the reciprocal F1 males. An exception was the reciprocal F1 male offspring from SWR/J and DBA/1 crosses which differed only in disease severity late in the course of the disease. The female F1 crosses did not show the same pattern of differential susceptibility to CIA as the F1 males. To exclude the possible influence the Y chromosome, F1 males of reciprocal crosses were back‐crossed to the parental strains creating offspring with equal X chromosomes but divergent Y chromosomes. No difference in development of arthritis was observed in these. The influence of the xid mutation was investigated next. The xid loci from the CBA/N mouse was bred into DBA/1 strain which is highly susceptible to CIA. The resulting congenic DBA/l‐xid strain was resistant to induction of CIA and did not develop an antibody response to type II collagen. We conclude that polymorphic genes on the X chromosome modulate susceptibility to CIA. The results from the experiments with mice carrying xid mutations confirm that such immune modulating genes exist on the sex chromosomes.

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“…Studies on the effects of female sex hormones on the immune system have yielded conflicting results. Oestrogen has been shown to suppress both humoral and cell-mediated immunity as well as enhance the immune response in several systems [2,3,8,35,36]. Similarly, testosterone has been shown to reduce humoral and cell-mediated immune responses [17,12,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A number of observations offer strong arguments that gonadal steroids regulate the immune function [3,8,18,25]. However, the precise mechanism of sex-hormoneinduced modulation of the immune system is still incompletely characterized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex hormones and immune dysregulation in multiple myeloma

Everaus

Lehtmaa

1993

Cancer Immunol Immunother

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A group of 49 multiple myeloma patients, 20 men and 29 women, were evaluated. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17 beta-oestradiol (E) and testosterone (T) serum concentrations have been detected by radioimmunoassay. Peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA), recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and dextran sulphate (DxS) was investigated. Our findings provide evidence for two different patterns of sex hormone changes and immune dysfunctions presented differently by male and female multiple myeloma patients. In men increased FSH, LH and E concentrations and an augmented E to T ratio were associated with decreased lymphocyte blastogenic response to PHA, ConA and increased proliferation to rIL-2 and DxS. Female patients with multiple myeloma demonstrated normal values of FSH, LH and T, but a diminished E level and decreased E to T ratio correlated with a lymphocyte normal response to PHA and ConA and augmented blastogenesis to IL-2 and DxS. Our data, while admittedly preliminary, suffice to provide an indication of sex hormone changes in multiple myeloma patients, which could be responsible, at least in part, for the immune dysfunction observed in multiple myeloma.

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High sensitivity to androgen as a contributing factor in sex differences in the immune response

Abstract: sented, the literature is briefly reviewed so that the controversial nature of the field can be fully appreciated.

Cited by 69 publications

References 87 publications

Biology of stress: interactions with reproduction, immunology and intermediary metabolism

Biology of stress: interactions with reproduction, immunology and intermediary metabolism

Genes on the X chromosome affect development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice

Sex hormones and immune dysregulation in multiple myeloma

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