“…SPR is a sensitive, specific, label-free technique that can measure binding affinities in real time on the basis of kinetic constants and thermodynamic parameters ( Kumbhat et al, 2010 ). Furthermore, this method has successfully identified the kinetics of biological molecules, including protein binding, antibody–ligand binding, various foods, lipid raft formation and drugs ( Fu et al, 2019 , Zhang et al, 2019 , Visentin et al, 2018 , Bahri et al, 2019 , Ryu et al, 2019 , Mowla et al, 2018 ).…”