High Sensitivity Deflection Detection of Nanowires

Sanii, Babak; Ashby, Paul D.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.147203

Cited by 45 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In addition, the liquid is dragged along with the nanomechanical resonator, increases its effective mass and thus lowers the sensitivity. The miniaturization of the devices to the nanoscale does not improve these limitations [91][92]114 . More importantly, biological detection requires many repetitive measurements that can only be achieved with disposable and cost-effective devices that can be easily both handled and measured.…”

Section: Biosensors Based On Nanomechanical Resonatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosensors based on nanomechanical systems

Tamayo¹,

Kosaka²,

Ruz³

et al. 2013

Chem. Soc. Rev.

348

239

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The advances in micro-and nanofabrication technologies are enabling increasingly smaller mechanical transducers capable of detecting the forces, motion, mechanical properties and masses that emerge in biomolecular interactions and fundamental biological processes. Thus, biosensors based on nanomechanical systems have gained considerable relevance in the last decade. This review provides insight into the mechanical phenomena that occur in suspended mechanical structures when either biological adsorption or interactions take place on their surface. This review guides the reader through the parameters that change as a consequence of biomolecular adsorption: mass, surface stress, effective Young's modulus and viscoelasticity.The mathematical background needed to correctly interpret the output signals from nanomechanical biosensors is also outlined here. Other practical issues reviewed are the immobilization of bioreceptor molecules on the surface of nanomechanical sensors and methods to attain that in large arrays of sensors. We describe then some relevant realizations of biosensor devices based on nanomechanical systems that harness some of the mechanical effects cited above. We finally discuss the intrinsic detection limits of the devices and the limitation that arises from non-specific adsorption.2

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Section: Biosensors Based On Nanomechanical Resonatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosensors based on nanomechanical systems

Tamayo¹,

Kosaka²,

Ruz³

et al. 2013

Chem. Soc. Rev.

348

239

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Subsequently, the chips are mounted in a vacuum chamber to characterize the nanowires' eigenfrequencies f 0 at pressures below 10 −4 mbar and at room temperature. To this end, a shear piezo is glued to the nanowire chip for piezo-actuation tical detection [21] by detecting the reflected light of a laser (λ = 405 nm) vertically focused on the device [22], resulting in a displacement sensitivity of 6 pm/ √ Hz. The obtained resonance spectrum is fitted with a Lorentzian to extract both eigenfrequency and quality factor.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Size-independent Young's modulus of inverted conical GaAs nanowire resonators

Paulitschke

Seltner

Lebedev

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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We explore mechanical properties of top down fabricated, singly clamped inverted conical GaAs nanowires. Combining nanowire lengths of 2 − 9 µm with foot diameters of 36 − 935 nm yields fundamental flexural eigenmodes spanning two orders of magnitude from 200 kHz to 42 MHz. We extract a size-independent value of Young's modulus of (45 ± 3) GPa. With foot diameters down to a few tens of nanometers, the investigated nanowires are promising candidates for ultra-flexible and ultra-sensitive nanomechanical devices.PACS numbers: 46.70. Hg,62.20.de,62.23.Hj,62.25.Jk Keywords: Nanomechanical systems, mechanical resonators, nanowires, Young's modulusThe rise of nanotechnologies in basic research as well as the applied sciences goes along with the development of more and more compact and sensitive devices. For example, nanomechanical systems (NEMS) are promising candidates for ultra-responsive mass [1,2], force [3][4][5] or biosensors [6][7][8], as well as accelerometers [9] or oscillators [10]. The successful realization of such devices is enabled by a combination of three key factors: integrated architectures, reliable fabrication and high sensitivity. Particularly for integrated sensing devices the vertical arrangement of dense arrays of micro-or nanowires [5] is considered beneficial. A compact sensor design with higher functionality and reproducible control over device parameters is facilitated by top down fabrication. Finally, the device's sensitivity is closely related to its spring constant, which is a function of both geometry and material properties such as Young's modulus E, as, quite generally, a softer spring allows resolving smaller signals. Thus, detailed knowledge of the mechanical properties is crucial to predict the performance of a device. Typically, Young's moduli are determined by relating the measured resonance frequency f 0 of the resonator's fundamental flexural mode to its geometrical dimensions [11][12][13][14][15][16]. A prominent example is the simple singly-clamped cylindrical beam for which Euler Bernoulli beam theory [17] yields the well-known relationfor aspect ratios r/h < 0.1 with mass density ρ, beam radius r and length h.Here we present a nanomechanical resonator which is an excellent candidate for a nanomechanical sensing device. Figure 1 shows nanowires etched into an (100)-oriented GaAs substrate, combining the benefits of top down fabrication with an ultrasoft mechanical response, allowing for immediate integration into a sensing array. * present address: Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; eva.weig@uni.konstanz.de Notably, the nanowires are not cylindrical, but of inverted conical shape. This is apparent from the magnified nanowire in the right part of Fig. 1 featuring a length of h = 6 µm, a head radius of R = 264 nm and a foot radius of only r = 85 nm, which corresponds to a taper angle of ϕ ≈ 1.7 • . While the narrow nanowire foots enable high force sensitivities [18,19], the relatively large nanowire heads can easily be resolved in an optical...

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“…Taking into account the time delay of the Z-scanner and feedback controller, the upper rate limit is likely to be 100 fps for imaging with 100 × 100 pixels. To further increase the imaging rate, we have to abandon the OBD method and create an alternative method for high-sensitivity deflection detection of a tiny cantilever or a nanowire (Sanii and Ashby 2010).…”

Section: Faster Hs-afmmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-speed atomic force microscopy and its future prospects

2017

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Various techniques have been developed and used to investigate how proteins produce complex biological architectures and phenomena. Among these techniques, high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) holds a unique position. It is only HS-AFM that allows the simultaneous assessment of structure and dynamics of single protein molecules in action. This new microscopy tool has been successfully applied to a variety of proteins, from motor proteins to membrane proteins, antibodies, enzymes, and even to intrinsically disordered proteins. And yet there still remain many biomolecular phenomena that cannot be addressed by HS-AFM in its current form. Here, I present a brief history of HS-AFM development, describe the current state of HS-AFM, and then discuss which new biological scanning probe microscopy techniques will be coming up next.

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High Sensitivity Deflection Detection of Nanowires

Cited by 45 publications

References 19 publications

Biosensors based on nanomechanical systems

Biosensors based on nanomechanical systems

Size-independent Young's modulus of inverted conical GaAs nanowire resonators

High-speed atomic force microscopy and its future prospects

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