High school male basketball athletes exhibit greater hamstring muscle stiffness than females as assessed with shear wave elastography

McPherson, April L.; Nagai, Takashi; Schilaty, Nathan D.; Hale, Rena; Hewett, Timothy E.; Bates, Nathaniel A.

doi:10.1007/s00256-020-03397-w

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Several studies had investigated the stretching effects on muscle properties in males and females. It is accepted that females are considered to be more flexible than males ( Tsolakis and Bogdanis, 2012 ; McPherson et al, 2020 ; Höög and Andersson, 2021 ), which supports our finding. The SR test and ROM were found to increase in both males and females after an acute passive stretch in the above test.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Gender difference in effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on flexibility and stiffness of hamstring muscle

Lü

Liang

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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Objective: This study investigated the acute effects of PNF stretching on hamstring flexibility and muscle stiffness of lower limbs between genders.Methods: 15 male and 15 female university students without any injury histories on lower limbs in the past 3 months were included in this study were selected. All subjects were measured by MyotonPRO before and after stretching to determine the muscle stiffness of the biceps femoris muscle (BF), semitendinosus muscle (ST) of the hamstring and the medial gastrocnemius muscles (MG), lateral gastrocnemius muscles (LG), and the soleus (SOL) of the triceps surae muscles. Additionally, their flexibility was measured using the sit-and-reach test (the SR test) and passive hip range of motion (ROM). Differences based on time (pre-stretching vs. post-stretching) and sex (females vs. males) were assessed using 2 × 2 repeated measures AVONA.Results: There was a significant decrease in the stiffness of the hamstring and triceps surae muscles after stretching (BF, MG, LG, and SOL: p < 0.001; ST: p = 0.003). The muscle stiffness of the hamstring and triceps surae muscles is larger in males than in females at all time points (p < 0.001). There was a significant increase in hip flexion angle and the SR test in males and females after PNF stretching (p < 0.001); However, there was no difference in the change in the muscle stiffness and the flexibility between genders (p > 0.05).Conclusion: PNF stretching helped improve hamstring flexibility and decrease muscle stiffness. Stretching the hamstrings can also contribute to a decrease in the stiffness of the triceps surae muscles. The muscle stiffness of males before and after stretching is always greater than that of females. However, there was no difference in the change of improvement in stretching between genders.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Another major finding in this experiment was the difference in muscle stiffness between genders. According to the previous studies, the muscle stiffness in males is greater than in females (Winter and Brookes, 1991;McPherson et al, 2020). Which were in agreement with the results we had in our study.…”

Section: Acute Effects On Muscle Stiffness Between Genderssupporting

confidence: 94%

Gender difference in effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on flexibility and stiffness of hamstring muscle

Lü

Liang

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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“…Finally, the clinical significance of SWE stiffness measurements remain undescribed. SWE measurements on muscle tissue are reliable within a session but lack precision and offer substantial variability within a whole population, 61 as is herein observed with the standard deviations. Intra-ses-sion standard error of the mean for SWE stiffness on lower extremity muscles are between 8-12 kPa, 61 which should be considered when accounting for clinical applicability of statistical findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Application of Shear-Wave Elastography in the Evaluation of Hamstring Stiffness in Young Basketball Athletes

Cummings

Schilaty

Nagai

et al. 2022

International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy

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Background Previous literature has postulated a relationship between greater hamstring stiffness and a higher risk of sustaining injury. Shear wave elastography (SWE) presents a relatively new means for non-invasive evaluation of soft tissue elasticity pre- and post- injury or intervention. Purpose (1) To establish baseline hamstring stiffness measures for young competitive athletes and (2) determine effect of targeted neuromuscular training (TNMT) on shear wave stiffness of the hamstring. Study Design Un-blinded, prospective, non-randomized, cohort study. Methods Six-hundred forty-two lower extremities from 321 high school and collegiate basketball athletes (177 F: 139 M) were examined for hamstring stiffness prior to the start of their competitive basketball season. Teams were cluster assigned to either the control or intervention (TNMT) group. Subjects in the control group underwent regular season activities as directed, with no influence from the research team. For the TNMT group, the research team introduced a hamstring targeted dynamic warm-up program as an intervention focused on activating the hamstring musculature. Results Collegiate status was significant to hamstring stiffness for both sexes (p ≤ 0.02), but hamstring stiffness did not correlate to age or sex (r2 ≤ 0.08). Intervention was a significant factor to hamstring stiffness when the hip was positioned in extension (p ≤ 0.01), but not in deeper flexion (p = 0.12). This effect was sex-specific as TNMT influenced hamstring stiffness in females (p = 0.03), but not in males (p ≥ 0.13). Control athletes suffered three HAM injuries; TNMT athletes suffered 0 hamstring injuries. Conclusion Higher SWE measurements correlated with increased risk of injury, male sex, and collegiate athletics. TNMT intervention can lessen muscle stiffness which may reduce relate to injury incidence. Intervention effectiveness may be sex specific. Level of Evidence II

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“…This finding was previously reported in soccer [63,[73][74][75] and basketball [6,[74][75][76] players. These findings may be explained by the gender differences, including differences in anatomy, such as percentage of muscle mass, sexual dimorphism of the pelvis architecture, lower limbs length, and lower center of gravity [36,77,78], hormonal effects [77], muscle properties, such as muscle stiffness [79][80][81], and fundamental recruitment patterns include walking, bending, and reaching [82,83]. Specific to the spine, gender differences were found in factors related to trunk muscle loads [84,85] and spine-pelvis-leg movement patterns [82].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Role of Hamstring Extensibility on Sagittal Pelvic Tilt, Sagittal Spinal Curves and Recurrent Low Back Pain in Team Sports Players: A Gender Perspective Analysis

Cejudo

Centenera-Centenera²,

Santonja-Medina

2021

IJERPH

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It is assumed that mechanical restriction of hamstring tightness disrupts sagittal spine–pelvis–leg alignment and alters the lumbar–pelvic rhythm predisposing to low back pain (LBP) in athletes; however, this association is not clear. A prospective cross-sectional cohort study was conducted to determine the influence of hamstring extensibility (HE) on sagittal pelvic tilt, sagittal spinal curves, and LBP in 94 soccer and basketball players (61 man and 33 woman) with (n = 36) and without recurrent LBP (n = 58). Descriptive analysis displayed significant gender differences for HE, sagittal pelvic tilt, and lumbar curve. Differences were found between the low-HE and high-HE groups in lumbosacral angle in for the maximum trunk forward flexion (LH-MTFP). Low-HE was associated with LH-MTFP, lumbar curve and LBP in male players (p ≤ 0.023). In female players, LH-MTFP and lumbar curve were associated with low-HE (p ≤ 0.020). Low-HE predicted LH-MTFP (p = 0.000; OR = 65.6950) and LBP (p = 0.028; OR = 13.915) in male players. The decision tree analysis showed that 50.8% of the players were classified with restricted LH-MTFP, 77.4% with low-HE among male players. The 100% of male players with recurrent LBP had low-HE. The 65% of female players with low-HE had restricted LH-MTFP. Measurement of HE, lumbar curve, and LH-MTFP are important in making training decisions for to reduce the incidence of recurrent LBP in soccer and basketball players.

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High school male basketball athletes exhibit greater hamstring muscle stiffness than females as assessed with shear wave elastography

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

Gender difference in effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on flexibility and stiffness of hamstring muscle

Gender difference in effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on flexibility and stiffness of hamstring muscle

Application of Shear-Wave Elastography in the Evaluation of Hamstring Stiffness in Young Basketball Athletes

The Potential Role of Hamstring Extensibility on Sagittal Pelvic Tilt, Sagittal Spinal Curves and Recurrent Low Back Pain in Team Sports Players: A Gender Perspective Analysis

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