High salt intake is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events

Polónia, Jorge; Monteiro, José; Almeida, Jorge; Silva, José A.; Bertoquini, Susana

doi:10.1097/mbp.0000000000000205

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…A total of 43 articles were eligible for a full-text review. Among the 43 articles reviewed, 36 [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ] met all the inclusion criteria ( Figure 1 ). Twenty-four studies were included for highest versus lowest meta-analysis between dietary sodium intake and CVD risk.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Sodium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis

et al. 2020

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Dietary sodium intake has received considerable attention as a potential risk factor of cardiovascular disease. However, evidence on the dose-response association between dietary sodium intake and cardiovascular disease risk is unclear. Embase and PubMed were searched from their inception to 17 August 2020 and studies that examined the association between sodium intake and cardiovascular disease in adolescents were not included in this review. We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of high sodium intake using a random effects model. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessment was performed. A random-effects dose-response model was used to estimate the linear and nonlinear dose-response relationships. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were conducted to explain the observed heterogeneity. We identified 36 reports, which included a total of 616,905 participants, and 20 of these reports were also used for a dose-response meta-analysis. Compared with individuals with low sodium intake, individuals with high sodium intake had a higher adjusted risk of cardiovascular disease (Rate ratio: 1.19, 95% confidence intervals = 1.08–1.30). Our findings suggest that there is a significant linear relationship between dietary sodium intake and cardiovascular disease risk. The risk of cardiovascular disease increased up to 6% for every 1 g increase in dietary sodium intake. A low-sodium diet should be encouraged and education regarding reduced sodium intake should be provided.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Sodium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis

et al. 2020

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“…The outcomes examined were diverse: Six studies assessed mortality outcomes, four studies assessed morbidity outcomes, three studies assessed outcomes related to symptoms/quality of life/functional status, studies assessed BP outcomes; eight studies assessed other clinically relevant surrogate outcomes; and nine studies assessed physiologic outcomes (Table ) . A range of outcomes were captured by the studies considered lower quality, including all‐cause mortality, gastric cancer, end‐stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplant, cardiovascular events, hypertension prevalence, headaches/migraines, quality of life, multiple sclerosis, BP, cognitive function, osteoporosis risk and prevalence, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, carotid atherosclerosis, bone mineral density, changes in left ventricular mass, inflammatory markers, albuminuria, and other urinary markers . Most of these studies (n = 40) found adverse effects of dietary salt on health outcomes and benefits of a sodium‐restricted diet on health, except for 7 that were neutral and one reported worsening symptoms with a sodium‐restricted diet in the elderly …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High sodium intake increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease. From the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (August 2016 to March 2017)

Malta

Petersen

Johnson

et al. 2018

J of Clinical Hypertension

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The purpose of this review was to identify, summarize, and critically appraise studies on dietary salt and health outcomes that were published from August 2016 to March 2017. The search strategy was adapted from a previous systematic review on dietary salt and health. Studies that meet standards for methodological quality criteria and eligible health outcomes are reported in detailed critical appraisals. Overall, 47 studies were identified and are summarized in this review. Two studies assessed all‐cause or disease‐specific mortality outcomes, eight studies assessed morbidity reduction‐related outcomes, three studies assessed outcomes related to symptoms/quality of life/functional status, 25 studies assessed blood pressure (BP) outcomes and other clinically relevant surrogate outcomes, and nine studies assessed physiologic surrogate outcomes. Eight of these studies met the criteria for outcomes and methodological quality and underwent detailed critical appraisals and commentary. Five of these studies found adverse effects of salt intake on health outcomes (BP; death due to kidney disease and initiation of dialysis; total kidney volume and composite of kidney function; composite of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events including, and risk of mortality); one study reported the benefits of salt restriction in chronic BP and two studies reported neutral results (BP and risk of CKD). Overall, these articles confirm the negative effects of excessive sodium intake on health outcomes.

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“…High sodium intake is also of concern, particularly for individuals with high blood pressure (Polonia et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Food Sensory Properties and the Older Adult

Duizer

2016

Journal of Texture Studies

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Older adults represent a large and growing portion of the global population. Given the high risk of malnutrition in this population, it is important to understand factors influencing food intake; sensory perception is one of these factors. Aging is associated with a number of physiological changes that alter the way food sensory properties are perceived. Because of these changes, it is often assumed that older adults experience a decrease in food liking. Although there is little evidence to support this assumption, many studies have evaluated flavor enhancement strategies aiming to increase food liking in older adults. As older adults exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity in their liking response, more tailored approaches may be required to increase food liking in older adult populations. Current attempts to classify subgroups of older adults have had little success. Furthermore, consideration should be given to food texture in future studies, as it plays a dominant and increasingly vital role in food perception by older adults. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSensory perception plays an important role in food choice and intake, thus it is important to understand how foods are perceived by older adults. This is essential to the health and well-being of older adults, as the reduction in food intake often observed with ageing is a key contributor to malnutrition in this population. The success of studies aiming to improve food liking in older adults have had very limited success to date, with some strategies actually leadings to a reduction in food consumption. To improve the success of future strategies, food perception by older adults, and the increasingly vital role of food texture must be understood.

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High salt intake is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events

Abstract: In a cohort of hypertensive patients, high salt intake independently predicts the occurrence of CV events, particularly of stroke.

Cited by 24 publications

References 30 publications

Dietary Sodium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis

Dietary Sodium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis

High sodium intake increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease. From the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (August 2016 to March 2017)

Food Sensory Properties and the Older Adult

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