High Risk of Influenza Virus Infection Among Swine Workers: Examining a Dynamic Cohort in China

Borkenhagen, Laura K.; Wang, Guolin; Simmons, Ryan; Bi, Zhenqiang; Liu, Bing; Wang, Xianjun; Wang, Chuang-Xin; Chen, Shan-Hui; Song, Shaoxia; Li, Min; Zhao, Teng; Wu, Mengna; Park, Lawrence P.; Cao, Wu‐Chun; Ma, Mai‐Juan; Gray, Gregory C.

doi:10.1093/cid/ciz865

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Animal workers often have elevated antibodies against multiple strains of influenza A virus. Even so, sometimes the magnitude of the viral exposure (viral load) overwhelms the animal workers’ immune systems, and we see animal workers infected despite having preexisting antibodies against enzootic animal viruses [ 46 ].…”

Section: Evolutionary Perspectives On Efficient Human-to-human Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider

Gray

Robie

Studstill

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Despite many recent efforts to predict and control emerging infectious disease threats to humans, we failed to anticipate the zoonotic viruses which led to pandemics in 2009 and 2020. The morbidity, mortality, and economic costs of these pandemics have been staggering. We desperately need a more targeted, cost-efficient, and sustainable strategy to detect and mitigate future zoonotic respiratory virus threats. Evidence suggests that the transition from an animal virus to a human pathogen is incremental and requires a considerable number of spillover events and considerable time before a pandemic variant emerges. This evolutionary view argues for the refocusing of public health resources on novel respiratory virus surveillance at human–animal interfaces in geographical hotspots for emerging infectious diseases. Where human–animal interface surveillance is not possible, a secondary high-yield, cost-efficient strategy is to conduct novel respiratory virus surveillance among pneumonia patients in these same hotspots. When novel pathogens are discovered, they must be quickly assessed for their human risk and, if indicated, mitigation strategies initiated. In this review, we discuss the most common respiratory virus threats, current efforts at early emerging pathogen detection, and propose and defend new molecular pathogen discovery strategies with the goal of preempting future pandemics.

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Section: Evolutionary Perspectives On Efficient Human-to-human Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider

Gray

Robie

Studstill

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…CAFOs are some of the most conducive places on earth for the transfer of influenzas and other viruses between animals and humans, a threat to both people and pigs (Borkenhagen 2019; Wallace 2016). As genetic diversity has narrowed to the point that most of China's pigs belong to the three DLY breeds or their hybrids, their ability to fend off disease has been drastically compromised.…”

Section: Industrial Pigs In Modern Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

A History of Pigs in China: From Curious Omnivores to Industrial Pork

2020

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Pigs have played a central role in the subsistence and culture of China for millennia. The close relationship between pigs and people began when humans gradually domesticated wild pigs over 8,000 years ago. While pigs initially foraged around settlements, population growth led people to pen their pigs, which made them household trash processors and fertilizer producers. Household pigs were in daily contact with people, who bred them to fatten quickly and produce larger litters. Early modern Europeans found Chinese pigs far superior to their own and bred the two to create the breeds now employed in industrial pork production around the world, including China. In recent decades, industrial farms that scientifically control every aspect of pigs’ lives have spread rapidly. Until recently, most Chinese people ate pork only on special occasions; their ability in recent decades to eat it regularly exemplifies China's increasing prosperity. Meanwhile, vast areas of North and South American farmland are now devoted to growing soybeans to feed hundreds of millions of pigs in China, and the methane, manure, and antibiotic resistance they produce creates environmental and health problems on a global scale.

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“…Since the beginning of the 20th century, zoonotic spillover events have given rise to the generation of multiple, well-documented pandemic IAVs [3][4][5]. Intensification of animal husbandry, increasing encroachment into wildlife habitats for agricultural use, and increased connectivity of livestock populations through (transboundary) trade, created favorable conditions that are associated with the establishment of new IAV lineages in these reservoirs but also created new interfaces for human infections [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Some examples include the 2009 pandemic swine influenza virus [12] and an increasing number of reported zoonotic spillover infections with avian IAVs (AIVs) from poultry [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs?

Kessler

Harder

Schwemmle

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is exemplified by numerous cases of human infection with avian IAVs (AIVs) and the 2009 swine influenza pandemic. In fact, zoonotic transmissions are strongly facilitated by manmade reservoirs that were created through the intensification and industrialization of livestock farming. This can be witnessed by the repeated introduction of IAVs from natural reservoirs of aquatic wild bird metapopulations into swine and poultry, and the accompanied emergence of partially- or fully-adapted human pathogenic viruses. On the other side, human adapted IAV have been (and still are) introduced into livestock by reverse zoonotic transmission. This link to manmade reservoirs was also observed before the 20th century, when horses seemed to have been an important reservoir for IAVs but lost relevance when the populations declined due to increasing industrialization. Therefore, to reduce zoonotic events, it is important to control the spread of IAV within these animal reservoirs, for example with efficient vaccination strategies, but also to critically surveil the different manmade reservoirs to evaluate the emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential.

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High Risk of Influenza Virus Infection Among Swine Workers: Examining a Dynamic Cohort in China

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider

Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider

A History of Pigs in China: From Curious Omnivores to Industrial Pork

Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs?

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