High-risk behaviours among juvenile prison inmates in Pakistan

Altaf, Arshad; Janjua, Naveed Z.; Kristensen, Sibylle; Zaidi, Najam; Memon, Amina; Hook, E. W.; Vermund, Sten H.; Shah, Shafqat Ali

doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2009.06.001

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections have been reported from Pakistan as a cause of sexually transmitted infections, but unfortunately national surveillance data is not available to assess its prevalence or antimicrobial resistance [5, 6]. Due to limited resources and lack of trained technologist and microbiologists, most of the laboratories do not report Neisseria gonorrhoeae .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Trend of Resistance to Penicillin, Tetracycline, and Fluoroquinolone Resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeaefrom Pakistan (1992–2009)

Jabeen

Nizamuddin

Irfan

et al. 2011

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Emergence and spread of drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is global concern. We evaluated trends of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae over years 1992–2009 in Pakistan. Resistance rates were compared between years (2007–2009) and (1992–2006). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria using the disk diffusion methodology against penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline and ofloxacin. Additional antibiotics tested in 100 strains isolated during 2007–2009, included cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefipime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefixime, cefpodoxime, spectinomycin and azithromycin. Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 was used as control. Chi-square for trend analysis was conducted to assess resistance trend over the study period. During study period significant increase in combined resistance to penicillin, tetracycline and ofloxacin was observed (P value <0.01). Resistance rates during the two study period also increased significantly (P value <0.01). Ceftriaxone resistance was not observed. None of the isolates were found to be resistant or with intermediate sensitivity to additional antibiotics. Our findings suggest that penicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline should not be used in the empirical treatment of gonorrhea in Pakistan. Ceftriaxone and cefixime should be the first line therapy; however periodic MICs should be determined to identify emergence of strains with reduced susceptibility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Trend of Resistance to Penicillin, Tetracycline, and Fluoroquinolone Resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeaefrom Pakistan (1992–2009)

Jabeen

Nizamuddin

Irfan

et al. 2011

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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“…Premarital and/or extramarital sex was reported by 11.4 [75], 41.9 [76], and 65.2% [47] of prisoners in Sudan and by 62.5% in Pakistan [56]. Among juveniles imprisoned in Pakistan, 76.4% reported sex before incarceration [77]. Sex with multiple partners was reported by 17.7% of prisoners in Sudan (>3 partners) (no timeframe specified) [75].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sex with another male was reported by 1.6% of male prisoners in Iran [67], 19.3% in Pakistan [77], and 28.8% in Sudan [75]. In one study in Pakistan, 21.3% of male prisoners reported paying for sex with a male [57].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is evidence of sexual acts between males, mostly unprotected, happening in prisons. Among imprisoned male juveniles in Pakistan, 22.7% had sex in prison [77], whereas in Oman 6 to 18% of different male PWID populations reported doing so without condoms [50]. In Sudan, 31% of prisoners reported sex in prisons, and 28.8% reported this sex to be between males [75].…”

Section: Sexual Risk Behaviour and Incarcerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Status of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among prisoners in the Middle East and North Africa: review and synthesis

Heijnen

Mumtaz

Abu‐Raddad

2016

Journal of the International AIDS Society

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IntroductionThe status of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among incarcerated populations in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and the links between prisons and the HIV epidemic are poorly understood. This review synthesized available HIV and HCV data in prisons in MENA and highlighted opportunities for action.MethodsThe review was based on data generated through the systematic searches of the MENA HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Synthesis Project (2003 to December 15, 2015) and the MENA HCV Epidemiology Synthesis Project (2011 to December 15, 2015). Sources of data included peer-reviewed publications and country-level reports and databases.Results and discussionWe estimated a population of 496,000 prisoners in MENA, with drug-related offences being a major cause for incarceration. Twenty countries had data on HIV among incarcerated populations with a median prevalence of 0.6% in Afghanistan, 6.1% in Djibouti, 0.01% in Egypt, 2.5% in Iran, 0% in Iraq, 0.1% in Jordan, 0.05% in Kuwait, 0.7% in Lebanon, 18.0% in Libya, 0.7% in Morocco, 0.3% in Oman, 1.1% in Pakistan, 0% in Palestine, 1.2% in Saudi Arabia, 0% in Somalia, 5.3% in Sudan and South Sudan, 0.04% in Syria, 0.05% in Tunisia, and 3.5% in Yemen. Seven countries had data on HCV, with a median prevalence of 1.7% in Afghanistan, 23.6% in Egypt, 28.1% in Lebanon, 15.6% in Pakistan, and 37.8% in Iran. Syria and Libya had only one HCV prevalence measure each at 1.5% and 23.7%, respectively. There was strong evidence for injecting drug use and the use of non-sterile injecting-equipment in prisons. Incarceration and injecting drugs, use of non-sterile injecting-equipment, and tattooing in prisons were found to be independent risk factors for HIV or HCV infections. High levels of sexual risk behaviour, tattooing and use of non-sterile razors among prisoners were documented.ConclusionsPrisons play an important role in HIV and HCV dynamics in MENA and have facilitated the emergence of large HIV epidemics in at least two countries, Iran and Pakistan. There is evidence for substantial but variable HIV and HCV prevalence, as well as risk behaviour including injecting drug use and unprotected sex among prisoners across countries. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive harm-reduction strategies in prisons.

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“…Dr James Blogg had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. has been conducted in a wide range of countries including India (Reddy et al, 2012), China (Lai et al, 2008), Jordan (Schwalbe et al, 2013), Azerbaijan (Cozac and Elliott, 2011), Taiwan (Huang et al, 2011), Israel (Birger et al, 2011), Indonesia (Nelwan et al, 2010), Thailand (Sherman et al, 2010), Myanmar (Brown, 2010), Malaysia (Choi et al, 2010), Pakistan (Altaf et al, 2009), and Kyrgyzstan (Moller et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The health of female prisoners in Indonesia

Rahmah¹,

Blogg²,

Silitonga³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Prisoner Health

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This research is important in informing policy and practice. There is a clear need for gender-sensitive legislative frameworks, penal policies and prison rules to ensure women's needs are addressed. The identified coping strategies were considered viable, but do not replace the need for a health system providing women prisoners with levels of care as available in the community, including commensurate budgeting, personnel, access and referral to more specialised external health services.

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High-risk behaviours among juvenile prison inmates in Pakistan

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Increasing Trend of Resistance to Penicillin, Tetracycline, and Fluoroquinolone Resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeaefrom Pakistan (1992–2009)

Increasing Trend of Resistance to Penicillin, Tetracycline, and Fluoroquinolone Resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeaefrom Pakistan (1992–2009)

Status of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among prisoners in the Middle East and North Africa: review and synthesis

The health of female prisoners in Indonesia

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