High‐resolution temporal dynamic transcriptome landscape reveals a GhCAL‐mediated flowering regulatory pathway in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Abstract

The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is very important for early maturity in cotton. However, the genetic control of this highly dynamic and complex developmental process remains unclear. A high-resolution tissue-and stage-specific transcriptome profile was generated from six developmental stages using 72 samples of two early-maturing and two late-maturing cotton varieties. The results of histological analysis of paraffin sections showed that flower bud differentiation occurred at the third true leaf stage (3TLS) in early-maturing varieties, but at the fifth true leaf stage (5TLS) in late-maturing varieties. Using pairwise comparison and weighted gene co-expression network analysis, 5312 differentially expressed genes were obtained, which were divided into 10 gene co-expression modules. In the MElightcyan module, 46 candidate genes regulating cotton flower bud differentiation were identified and expressed at the flower bud differentiation stage. A novel key regulatory gene related to flower bud differentiation, GhCAL, was identified in the MElightcyan module. Anti-GhCAL transgenic cotton plants exhibited late flower bud differentiation and flowering time. GhCAL formed heterodimers with GhAP1-A04/GhAGL6-D09 and regulated the expression of GhAP1-A04 and GhAGL6-D09. GhAP1-A04-and GhAGL6-D09-silenced plants also showed significant late flowering. Finally, we propose a new flowering regulatory pathway mediated by GhCAL. This study elucidated the molecular mechanism of cotton flowering regulation and provides good genetic resources for cotton early-maturing breeding.

Genome-wide identification and expression patterns analysis of the RPD3/HDA1 gene family in cotton

“…Flowering time, an important indicator of precocity, is also influenced by the timing of flower bud differentiation, which is a physiological and morphological marker of the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth [33,34]. Previous studies showed that the flower bud differentiation period of early-maturity cotton varieties occurs earlier than that of late-maturity cotton varieties, and early-maturity cotton generally begins flower bud differentiation when three true leaves are completely flattened [33].…”

“…Flowering time, an important indicator of precocity, is also influenced by the timing of flower bud differentiation, which is a physiological and morphological marker of the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth [33,34]. Previous studies showed that the flower bud differentiation period of early-maturity cotton varieties occurs earlier than that of late-maturity cotton varieties, and early-maturity cotton generally begins flower bud differentiation when three true leaves are completely flattened [33]. In Arabidopsis, at least 4 RPD3 genes have been associated with flowering time; AtHDA6 has been related with the autonomous pathway of four flowering-promoting pathways and regulates flowering time by interacting with FLD (Flowering LOCUS D) [13,26]; HDA5 regulates flowering time by repressing the expression of FLC (FLOWERING LOCUS C) and MAF1.…”

Genome-wide identification and expression patterns analysis of the RPD3/HDA1 gene family in cotton

“…Flowering time, an important indicator of precocity, is also in uenced by the timing of ower bud differentiation, which is a physiological and morphological marker of the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth [33,34]. Previous studies showed that the ower bud differentiation period of early-maturity cotton varieties occurs earlier than that of late-maturity cotton varieties, and earlymaturity cotton generally begins ower bud differentiation when three true leaves are completely attened [33].…”

“…Flowering time, an important indicator of precocity, is also in uenced by the timing of ower bud differentiation, which is a physiological and morphological marker of the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth [33,34]. Previous studies showed that the ower bud differentiation period of early-maturity cotton varieties occurs earlier than that of late-maturity cotton varieties, and earlymaturity cotton generally begins ower bud differentiation when three true leaves are completely attened [33]. In Arabidopsis, at least 4 RPD3 genes have been associated with owering time; AtHDA6 has been related with the autonomous pathway of four owering-promoting pathways and regulates owering time by interacting with FLD (Flowering LOCUS D ) [13,26]; HDA5 regulates owering time by repressing the expression of FLC (FLOWERING LOCUS C) and MAF1.…”

Remodeling of the left heart in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease after mitral valve replacement with preservation of subvalvular structures

“…Meanwhile, studies began to be published proving the greater effectiveness of the full conservation of annulo-papillary continuity when subvalvular structures from both the anterior and posterior cusps were preserved, in contrast to the preservation of subvalvular structures only from the posterior cusp when the anterior cusp was excised with subvalvular structures. However, with rheumatic lesions, there are still conflicting opinions, such as the impossibility of implanting the desired prosthesis size while completely retaining the subvalvular structures, the creation of obstruction of the outflow tract of the left ventricle, which requires the development of various methods for maintaining anatomical integrity, and a study with a poor result, in independence of subvalvular structures are preserved or not (7)(8)(9).…”