High‐resolution NMR spectroscopy of human body fluids and tissues in relation to prostate cancer

Abstract

High-resolution NMR spectroscopic studies of prostate tissue extracts, prostatic fluid, seminal fluid, serum and urine can be used for the detection of prostate cancer, based on the differences in their metabolic profiles. Useful diagnostic information is obtained by the detection or quantification of as many metabolites as possible and comparison with normal samples. Only a few studies have shown the potential of high-resolution in vitro NMR of prostate tissues. A survey of the literature has revealed that studies on body fluids, such as urine and serum, in relation to prostate cancer are rare. In addition, the potential of NMR of nuclei other than (1)H, such as (13)C and (31)P, has not been exploited fully. The metabolomic analysis of metabolites, detected by high-resolution NMR, may help to identify metabolites which could serve as useful biomarkers for prostate cancer detection. Such NMR-derived biomarkers would not only help in prostate cancer detection and in understanding the in vivo MRS metabolic profile, but also to investigate the biochemical and metabolic changes associated with cancer. Here, we review the published research work on body fluids in relation to prostate and prostate tissue extracts, and highlight the potential of such studies for future work.

Application of metabolomics in autoimmune diseases: Insight into biomarkers and pathology

“…The most biological specimens employed in metabolomics are serum/plasma (Kim et al, 2013), urine (Dieme et al, 2014), saliva (Santone et al, 2014), cerebrospinal fluid (Lista et al, 2014), bile (Nagana Gowda et al, 2009), seminal fluid (Kumar et al, 2014), amniotic fluid (Menon et al, 2014), synovial fluid (Giera et al, 2012), exhaled breath condensate (Leung et al, 2013), tissue extract (Wu et al, 2008), blister and cyst fluids (Hosch et al, 2008), fecal extracts (Walker et al, 2014), dialysis fluids (Qi et al, 2011), as well as tissue biopsy samples and their lipid and aqueous extract, such as from vascular tissue in studies of atherosclerosis (Martinez-Pinna et al, 2010). In the fields of autoimmune diseases, the common specimens are serum/plasma, urines, fecal extracts, and different tissue extracts or biological fluids according to different autoimmune diseases affecting different organ systems.…”

Nmr Metabolomics of Renal Cancer: an Overview

“…Cancer -general Analytical tools, sample types and perturbed metabolic pathways [20] HRMAS NMR of tissues [21] Bioinformatic tools [22] General [23] NMR of biofluids [24] MS of biofluids and tissues [25] General [26] Metabolic markers of different cancer types [27] Bladder cancer Metabolomics workflow and perturbed metabolic pathways [28] Breast cancer Potential of metabolomics for staging, subtyping and grading [29] Colorectal cancer Metabolomics workflow, altered metabolites and potential clinical applications [30,31] Liver cancer Possible metabolic markers [32,33] Lung cancer Metabolic variations in biofluids [34] Pancreatic cancer Metabolic variations in biofluids and tissues [35] Prostate cancer NMR and MRS imaging in clinical applications [36] Metabolomic MRS and MS imaging [37] NMR of biofluids and tissues [38] HRMAS NMR of tissues [39] Renal cancer General [12] Thyroid cancer General [40] HRMAS: High-resolution magic angle spinning; MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy.…”

“…A relatively low number of NMR metabolomic studies have been carried out on renal cancer, compared with other cancer types, namely breast [29], colorectal [30,31], lung [34,41], brain [42,43] and prostate [38,39] cancers, probably due to the higher prevalence of the latter. Table 2 lists the existing reports on clinical metabolomics of renal cancer.…”

“…Either NMR-or MS-based, the metabolomics approach has found a wide scope of applications in disease research and, in particular, in cancer research, since altered metabolism is a recognized important cancer hallmark [18,19], with cancer cells exhibiting a distinct metabolic behavior to normal cells and impacting on systemic metabolism. The significant increase in the number of reports on cancer metabolomics, in recent years, is illustrated by many recent reviews, either generally addressing cancer research [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] or dedicated to a specific cancer type (Table 1) [12,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. This reflects the recognized importance of assessing metabolic changes related to tumor onset and progression as part of a novel biomarkers discovery avenue toward improved methodologies for cancer detection and monitoring.…”

Thermoacoustic contrast of prostate cancer due to heating by very high frequency irradiation

“…Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) frequently arises in the central zone, and elevates citrate and zinc levels to that found in healthy peripheral zone tissue. In vitro assays of expressed prostatic fluids can therefore differentiate between the presence of BPH and PCa (Kumar et al, 2013), but cannot localize tumors within the prostate. TA imaging offers the possibility of localizing tumors, as well as differentiating BPH from cancer.…”