High-resolution measurement of the fiber diameter variations using whispering gallery modes and no optical alignment

Birks, T.A.; Knight, J.C.; Dimmick, T.E.

doi:10.1109/68.823510

Cited by 128 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In several cases, the solution of the inverse problem is simplified. For example, if the fiber radius is changing extremely slowly [53], it is proportional to the shift of the resonant peak [52] Δr eff (z) = (λ res (z)-λ res (0))r 0 /λ res .…”

Section: Characterization Of Conventional Optical Fiber Radius Variatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The previously known methods [56][57][58] solved this problem with an accuracy at best of a few tens nm. The method of fiber radius characterization [53] develops the idea proposed by Birks and coauthors [52]. Figure 13(A) illustrates the experimental setup used in [53].…”

Section: Characterization Of Conventional Optical Fiber Radius Variatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The input beam power and the exposure time was controlled by a laser power controller and a shutter with a 1 ms switching time. After the exposure, the SNAP fiber was characterized at the measurement section with the microfiber scanning method [ Figure 13(A)] [52,53]. The spacing between the measurement points was set to 10 μm.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Long Coupled Microresonator Chains With Sub-amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanophotonics of optical fibers

Sumetsky¹

2013

Nanophotonics

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This review is concerned with nanoscale effects in highly transparent dielectric photonic structures fabricated from optical fibers. In contrast to those in plasmonics, these structures do not contain metal particles, wires, or films with nanoscale dimensions. Nevertheless, a nanoscale perturbation of the fiber radius can significantly alter their performance. This paper consists of three parts. The first part considers propagation of light in thin optical fibers (microfibers) having the radius of the order of 100 nanometers to 1 micron. The fundamental mode propagating along a microfiber has an evanescent field which may be strongly expanded into the external area. Then, the cross-sectional dimensions of the mode and transmission losses are very sensitive to small variations of the microfiber radius. Under certain conditions, a change of just a few nanometers in the microfiber radius can significantly affect its transmission characteristics and, in particular, lead to the transition from the waveguiding to non-waveguiding regime. The second part of the review considers slow propagation of whispering gallery modes in fibers having the radius of the order of 10-100 microns. The propagation of these modes along the fiber axis is so slow that they can be governed by extremely small nanoscale changes of the optical fiber radius. This phenomenon is exploited in SNAP (surface nanoscale axial photonics), a new platform for fabrication of miniature super-low-loss photonic integrated circuits with unprecedented sub-angstrom precision. The SNAP theory and applications are overviewed. The third part of this review describes methods of characterization of the radius variation of microfibers and regular optical fibers with sub-nanometer precision.

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Section: Characterization Of Conventional Optical Fiber Radius Variatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Conventional Optical Fiber Radius Variatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fabrication Of Long Coupled Microresonator Chains With Sub-amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanophotonics of optical fibers

Sumetsky¹

2013

Nanophotonics

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“…Contact techniques between an ONF and a probe microfiber avoid these limitations. They have been used to measure the local radius variations of an ONF with sub-angstrom/sub-nanometer precision by propagating light through the probe microfiber and observing the mode spectrum of a whispering gallery or a composite photonic crystal cavity Birks et al (2000); Sumetsky and Dulashko (2010); Semenova et al (2015); Keloth et al (2015). Other contact techniques rely on changes in the amplitude of the transmitted light, becoming sensitive to polarization and van der Waals forces, as in the recent work by Madsen et al (2016), but do not directly sample the modal decomposition of the local field.…”

Section: Onf Radius Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Nanofibers

Solano

Grover

Hoffman

et al. 2017

Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

100

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The development of optical nanofibers (ONF) and the study and control of their optical properties when coupling atoms to their electromagnetic modes has opened new possibilities for their use in quantum optics and quantum information science. These ONFs offer tight optical mode confinement (less than the wavelength of light) and diffraction-free propagation. The small cross section of the transverse field allows probing of linear and non-linear spectroscopic features of atoms with exquisitely low power. The cooperativity -the figure of merit in many quantum optics and quantum information systems -tends to be large even for a single atom in the mode of an ONF, as it is proportional to the ratio of the atomic cross section to the electromagnetic mode cross section. ONFs offer a natural bus for information and for inter-atomic coupling through the tightly-confined modes, which opens the possibility of one-dimensional many-body physics and interesting quantum interconnection applications. The presence of the ONF modifies the vacuum field, affecting the spontaneous emission rates of atoms in its vicinity. The high gradients in the radial intensity naturally provide the potential for trapping atoms around the ONF, allowing the creation of onedimensional arrays of atoms. The same radial gradient in the transverse direction of the field is responsible for the existence of a large longitudinal component that introduces the possibility of spin-orbit coupling of the light and the atom, enabling the exploration of chiral quantum optics.

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“…The inscription speed can be further enhanced with a femtosecond laser having a higher repetition rate. To characterize the ERV introduced by the femtosecond laser inscription, we use a biconical fiber taper with a microfiber waist [24,25]. The tapered fiber is connected to the Luna optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) with the resolution of 1.3 pm at 1.55μm.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fabrication of surface nanoscale axial photonics structures with a femtosecond laser

et al. 2016

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Surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) structures are fabricated with a femtosecond laser for the first time. The inscriptions introduced by the laser pressurize the fiber and cause its nanoscale effective radius variation. We demonstrate the subangstrom precise fabrication of individual and coupled SNAP microresonators having the effective radius variation of several nanometers. Our results pave the way to a novel ultraprecise SNAP fabrication technology based on the femtosecond laser inscription.Fabrication of microscopic photonic devices and circuits with ultrahigh precision and ultralow loss is of great interest due to their potential applications in optical processing [1][2][3][4][5], quantum computing [6], microwave photonics [7,8], optical metrology [9], and advanced sensing [10]. However, the outstanding fabrication precision achieved in modern microphotonics, which is currently as small as a few nanometers [2,5], is still far beyond the precision required for practical applications [3,11]. Surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) is a new fabrication platform which allows to fabricate photonic structures with an unprecedented subangstrom precision and ultralow loss [12][13][14]. SNAP structures are formed at the surface of an optical fiber with nanoscale effective radius variation (ERV). The performance of these structures is based on whispering gallery modes which circulate around the fiber surface and slowly propagate along the fiber axis. The axial propagation of these modes is so slow that is it can be fully controlled by the nanoscale ERV of the fiber [12]. Usually, light is coupled into the SNAP fiber with a transverse microfiber attached to the fiber surface (Fig. 1). Recently several high performance micro-devices, such as coupled ring resonators [13] and bottle resonator delay lines [14], have been demonstrated based on the SNAP platform.SNAP structures are usually fabricated by local annealing of the fiber surface using a focused CO2 laser [12][13][14]. Annealing causes the local relaxation of the residual stress introduced during the fiber drawing process and leads to a nanoscale ERV of the fiber. While a very high subangstrom fabrication precision has been achieved using this method [13,14], the minimum characteristic length of the introduced ERV is relatively large (~50 μm). SNAP structures can be also fabricated using a UV laser beam exposure of a photosensitive fiber [12,15]. However, the ERV introduced is typically a few nm only, limited by the available magnitude of photosensitivity. In addition, the requirement of photosensitivity of the fiber restricts the applications of this method. Fig. 1. Illustration of a nanoscale ERV caused by the stress introduced by a femtosecond laser inscription inside the fiber. A microfiber is attached to the fiber surface to excite a whispering gallery mode. The microfiber is also used to characterize the ERV. Inset illustrates a magnified ERV introduced by the femtosecond laser inscription.Femtosecond laser inscription is a powerful technology that ha...

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High-resolution measurement of the fiber diameter variations using whispering gallery modes and no optical alignment

Cited by 128 publications

References 5 publications

Nanophotonics of optical fibers

Nanophotonics of optical fibers

Optical Nanofibers

Fabrication of surface nanoscale axial photonics structures with a femtosecond laser

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