High-resolution flexible temperature sensor based graphite-filled polyethylene oxide and polyvinylidene fluoride composites for body temperature monitoring

Flexible Temperature Sensor Integration into E-Textiles Using Different Industrial Yarn Fabrication Processes

“…Although numerous flexible temperature sensors are available in the market, most of these sensors have not been integrated in a concealed manner. Moreover, they do not exhibit textile characteristics such as the ability to bend, drape, or shear [14][15][16][17][18].…”

Flexible Sensors—From Materials to Applications

“…The combination of its high carrier mobility (as high as 20,000 cm 2 V -1 S -1 for electrons on a graphene field effect transistor (FET) [83]), with the ability to sustainably conduct high currents (>1 × 10 8 A/cm 2 ), made this material very attractive for the development of thin film transistors [84,85], battery electrodes [86], and sensors [87]. In the field of flexible electronics, carbon-based materials have found most of their applications as electrical conductors and can be found in various formats including CNTs [88,89], CNT fibres [90][91][92], graphene [93][94][95][96], reduced graphene oxide (rGO) [97][98][99], carbon black (CB) [100,101] and graphite [102][103][104][105]. Graphene is a 2D material that presents both the properties of a conductor and a semiconductor [106].…”

“…Electrical contact sensors change their electrical properties with respect to temperature. Most of the flexible temperature sensors fall into the electrical contact sensors category and they are either resistive [103,337,339,341,342,344,345,349,[437][438][439][440][441][442][443][444][445][446][447][448][449][450][451], pyroelectric [296,375,[452][453][454][455][456][457], capacitive [145,[458][459][460], thermoelectric [145,458,459], transistors [11,460], or diodes [441]. The performance of a temperature sensor is generally assessed by investigating its temperature sensitivity, temperature range, hysteresis and response time.…”

“…In a NTC thermistor the resistance decreases with the increase in temperature, and the opposite occurs in the case of a PTC thermistor [461]. Thermistors were manufactured using graphene [337,448], CNTs [337,447], graphite [103,341], PEDOT:PSS [462], polyaniline nanofibre [451], polycarbonate/α -(BEDT -TTF)2I x Br 3-x [449], and hydrogels [450].…”

“…A temperature sensor exhibiting an accuracy of 0.1 • C over a temperature range of 25 • C to 42 • C was built by sandwiching a sensing element comprised of graphite-filled polyethylene oxide (PEO) and PVDF composites in between PDMS and a silicone rubber [103]. The temperature sensor array shown in Figure 10b was fabricated by dispensing a graphite-PDMS composite on flexible PI films [341].…”