High quantities of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli are present in the Machángara urban river in Quito, Ecuador

Ortega-Paredes, David; Barba, Pedro; Mena-López, Santiago; Espinel, Nathaly; Crespo, V. M.; Zurita, Jeannete

doi:10.2166/wh.2019.195

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…On the other hand, the (26). In Ecuador, bla KPC-2 is the most prevalent carbapenemase gene detected in E. coli in hospitals (27,28), and recently it was detected in an urban river in Citrobacter freundii (29). However, there are no reports of carbapenemases from poultry in our region (carbapenems are not used for poultry production).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Moreover, it has been hypothesized that the ecological characteristics were animal husbandry is carried out in the region (e.g., altitude, lack of seasons, etc.) could be related to specificities in the epidemiology of these genetic determinants (15,29). Additionally, it should be noted that the methods used to screen the presence of 3GC-R E. coli could give biased information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Broiler Farms and Carcasses Are an Important Reservoir of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli in Ecuador

et al. 2020

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health threat for public and animal health in the twenty-first century. In Ecuador, antibiotics have been used by the poultry industry for decades resulting in the presence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria in the poultry meat production chain, with the consequent risk for public health. This study evaluated the prevalence of ESBL/AmpC and mcr genes in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GC-R E. coli) isolated from broiler farms (animal component), broiler carcasses (food component), and human enteritis (human component) in Quito-Ecuador. Samples were collected weekly from November 2017 to November 2018. For the animal, food, and human components, 133, 335, and 302 samples were analyzed, respectively. Profiles of antimicrobial resistance were analyzed by an automated microdilution system. Resistance genes were studied by PCR and Sanger sequencing. From all samples, 122 (91.7%), 258 (77%), and 146 (48.3%) samples were positive for 3GC-R E. coli in the animal, food, and human components, respectively. Most of the isolates (472/526, 89.7%) presented MDR phenotypes. The ESBL blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-27, and blaCTX-M-14 were the most prevalent ESBL genes while blaCMY-2 was the only AmpC detected gene. The mcr-1 gene was found in 20 (16.4%), 26 (10.1%), and 3 (2.1%) of isolates from animal, food, and human components, respectively. The implication of poultry products in the prevalence of ESBL/AmpC and mcr genes in 3GC-R must be considered in the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broiler Farms and Carcasses Are an Important Reservoir of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli in Ecuador

et al. 2020

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“…In this context, our findings suggest that fecal contamination of the household environment by domestic animals likely plays an important role in the transmission of AMR in the community; however, we acknowledge a limitation of this study; we failed to determine the transmission directionality (human-to-animal or animal-to-human transmission). There could be other routes of exposure to AMR, which we did not explore here, such as untreated wastewater that is released to rivers and other waterways in Ecuador (Ortega-Paredes et al 2020). Furthermore, this area is marked by large-scale poultry production operations, which could be an important source of AMR in this community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Spread of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli and ESBL Genes among Children and Domestic Animals in Ecuador

Salinas

Loayza

Cárdenas

et al. 2021

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: There is a significant gap in our understanding of the sources of multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in community settings where human–animal interfaces exist. Objectives: This study characterized the relationship of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCR-EC) isolated from animal feces in the environment and child feces based on phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Methods: We examined 3GCR-EC isolated from environmental fecal samples of domestic animals and child fecal samples in Ecuador. We analyzed phenotypic and genotypic AMR, as well as clonal relationships (CRs) based on pairwise single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis of 3GCR-EC core genomes. CRs were defined as isolates with fewer than 100 different SNPs. Results: A total of 264 3GCR-EC isolates from children ( ), dogs ( ), and chickens ( ) living in the same region of Quito, Ecuador, were identified. We detected 16 CRs total, which were found between 7 children and 5 domestic animals (5 CRs) and between 19 domestic animals (11 CRs). We observed that several clonally related 3GCR-EC isolates had acquired different plasmids and AMR genes. Most CRs were observed in different homes ( ) at relatively large distances. Isolates from children and domestic animals shared the same allelic variants, and the most prevalent were and , which were found in isolates from children, dogs, and chickens. Discussion: This study provides evidence of highly dynamic horizontal transfer of AMR genes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the E. coli community and shows that some 3GCR-EC and (extended-spectrum ) ESBL genes may have moved relatively large distances among domestic animals and children in semirural communities near Quito, Ecuador. Child–animal contact and the presence of domestic animal feces in the environment potentially serve as important sources of drug-resistant bacteria and ESBL genes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7729

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“…The prevalence of bla CTX–M type ESBL genes in irrigation water E. coli was 57%, followed by 15% in banana isolates. Additionally the most abundant allelic variants of bla CTX–M found in vegetables, fruits and irrigation water ( bla CTX–M 55 , bla CTX–M 65 , and bla CTX–M 15 ) ( Table 4 ) are the same alleles found in children and domestic animals in Ecuador ( Salinas et al, 2021 ), in rivers that cross cities ( Ortega-Paredes et al, 2020a ), and in bacteria from human infections in Ecuador ( Cartelle Gestal et al, 2016 ; Soria Segarra et al, 2018 ). The presence of the same bla CTX–M alleles in isolates from different sources provides strong evidence that these sources (irrigation water, domestic animals, and humans) are connected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In Ecuador, an upper middle-income country, wastewater is almost entirely released untreated into streams; these streams often serve as irrigation water for produce and food-animal agriculture ( Ortega-Paredes et al, 2020a , b ). There are few studies about the dissemination of ESBL- E. coli from irrigation water to produce ( Ben Said et al, 2015 ; Vital et al, 2018 ); most of the studies have been carried out in fresh produce from retail centers and groceries ( Bhutani et al, 2015 ; Faour-Klingbeil et al, 2016 ; Ortega-Paredes et al, 2018 ; Al-Kharousi et al, 2019 ; Yang et al, 2019 ; Colosi et al, 2020 ; Richter et al, 2020 ; Song et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing-Escherichia coli Isolated From Irrigation Waters and Produce in Ecuador

et al. 2021

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In cities across the globe, the majority of wastewater – that includes drug resistant and pathogenic bacteria among other contaminants – is released into streams untreated. This water is often subsequently used for irrigation of pastures and produce. This use of wastewater-contaminated streams allows antibiotic-resistant bacteria to potentially cycle back to humans through agricultural products. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from produce and irrigation water across 17 provinces of Ecuador. A total of 117 vegetable samples, 119 fruit samples, and 38 irrigation water samples were analyzed. Results showed that 11% of the samples were positive for E. coli including 11 irrigation water samples (29%), and samples of 13 vegetables (11%), and 11 fruits (9%). Among the 165 E. coli isolates cultured, 96 (58%) had the ESBL phenotype, and 58% of ESBL producing E. coli came from irrigation water samples, 11% from vegetables, and 30% from fruits. The blaCTX–M–55, blaCTX–M 65, and blaCTX–M 15 genes were the most frequently found gene associated with the ESBL phenotype and coincided with the blaCTX–M alleles associated with human infections in Ecuador. Three isolates had the mcr-1 gene which is responsible for colistin resistance. This report provides evidence of the potential role of irrigation water in the growing antimicrobial resistance crisis in Ecuador.

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High quantities of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli are present in the Machángara urban river in Quito, Ecuador

Cited by 22 publications

References 31 publications

Broiler Farms and Carcasses Are an Important Reservoir of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli in Ecuador

Broiler Farms and Carcasses Are an Important Reservoir of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli in Ecuador

Environmental Spread of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli and ESBL Genes among Children and Domestic Animals in Ecuador

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing-Escherichia coli Isolated From Irrigation Waters and Produce in Ecuador

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