High Protective Efficacy of Probiotics and Rice Bran against Human Norovirus Infection and Diarrhea in Gnotobiotic Pigs

Lei, Shaohua; Ramesh, Ashwin; Twitchell, Erica; Wen, Ke; Bui, Tammy; Weiss, Mariah; Yang, Xing-Dong; Kocher, Jacob; Li, Guohua; Giri-Rachman, Ernawati Arifin; Trang, Nguyễn Vân; Jiang, Xi; Ryan, Elizabeth P.; Yuan, Lijuan

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01699

Cited by 50 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Rice bran is a nutrient-dense food with a unique profile and ratio of bioactive phytochemicals such as gamma oryzanol, tocotrienols, ferulic acid, vitamin B, beta-sitosterol and many others (12). It has been reported to be effective in preventing Salmonella typhimurium (9, 14, 56), rotavirus (57, 58) and norovirus (15) infections by priming intestinal immune cells. However, very few in vivo studies have highlighted its effect on gut microbiota and the reports have striking differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rice bran is a byproduct of the rice milling process and is an easily available, affordable, sustainable, and globally produced source of prebiotics. It is known to supplement nutrients (12), increase beneficial bacteria growth and enhance gut mucosal immunity (10), and prevent diseases (9, 13-15). Similarly, quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) represents an important subgroup of flavonoids found in fruits and leafy vegetables (16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rice Bran and Quercetin Produce a Positive Synergistic Effect on Human Gut Microbiota, Elevate the Level of Propionate, and Reduce the Population ofEnterobacteriaceaefamily when Determined using a Bioreactor Model

Ghimire

Wongkuna

Sankaranarayanan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Diet is one of the prominent determinants of gut microbiota composition significantly impacting human health. Recent studies with dietary supplements such as rice bran and quercetin have been shown to provide a beneficial impact on the host by positively influencing the gut microbiota. However, the specific bacterial species impacted when rice bran or quercetin is present in the diet is not well understood. Therefore, in this study, we used a minibioreactor array system as a model to determine the effect of quercetin and rice bran individually, as well as in combination, on gut microbiota without the confounding host factors. We found that rice bran exerts higher shift in gut microbiome composition when compared to quercetin. At the species level, Acidaminococcus intestini was the only significantly enriched taxa when quercetin was supplemented, while 15 species were enriched in rice bran supplementation and 13 were enriched when quercetin and rice bran were supplemented in combination. When comparing the short chain fatty acid production, quercetin supplementation significantly enriched isobutyrate production while propionate dominated the quercetin and rice bran combined group. Higher levels of propionate were highly correlated to the lower abundance of the potentially pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae family. These findings suggest that the combination of rice bran and quercetin serve to enrich beneficial bacteria and reduce potential opportunistic pathogens. However, further in vivo studies are necessary to determine the synergistic effect of rice bran and quercetin on host health and immunity.ImportanceRice bran and quercetin are dietary components that shape host health by interacting with the gut microbiome. Both these substrates have been reported to provide nutritional and immunological benefits individually. However, considering the complexity of the human diet, it is useful to determine how the combination of food ingredients such as rice bran and quercetin influences the human gut microbiota. Our study provides insights into how these ingredients influence microbiome composition alone and in combination in vitro. This will allow us to identify which species in the gut microbiome are responsible for biotransformation of these dietary ingredients.. Such information is helpful for the development of synbiotics to improve gut health and immunity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice Bran and Quercetin Produce a Positive Synergistic Effect on Human Gut Microbiota, Elevate the Level of Propionate, and Reduce the Population ofEnterobacteriaceaefamily when Determined using a Bioreactor Model

Ghimire

Wongkuna

Sankaranarayanan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Given that dietary rice bran intake has been previously shown to promote beneficial stool microbial communities, such as native gut probiotics in mice 23, 62 , pigs 21,22,29 and adults 25,63,64 , we first evaluated significant genus level taxa differences between rice bran and control fed infants at 8 months and 12 months of age from both countries. In Nicaragua, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcaceae and Veillonella were identified as responsive following rice bran consumption compared to an age and control matched group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rice bran is a nutrient dense food with bioactive phytochemicals shown to prevent enteric pathogens and diarrheal disease in mice and pigs 21–24 , and favorably promotes gut health in adults 25, 26 . The effect of rice bran supplementation on host resistance to enteric infections and enhanced gut mucosal immunity was demonstrated for Salmonella enterica Typhimurium 23, 24 , rotavirus 27–29 , and norovirus 21 . Rice bran merits attention because it is widely available for consumption globally 30 , and particularly in LMIC regions where EED is prevalent 31 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice bran supplementation modulates growth, microbiome and metabolome in weaning infants: a clinical trial in Nicaragua and Mali

Zambrana

McKeen

Ibrahim

et al. 2019

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Rice bran supplementation provides nutrients, prebiotics and phytochemicals that enhance gut immunity, reduce enteric pathogens in mice and diarrhea in neonatal pigs, and warranted attention for improvement of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) in children at risk. EED is a condition that drives childhood stunting via intestinal dysbiosis and impaired nutrient metabolism. This study investigated effects of rice bran supplementation on growth, EED biomarkers, gut microbiome and metabolome in weaning infants from 6 to 12 months old in Nicaragua and Mali. Healthy infants were randomized to a control group or rice bran group that received daily supplementation at increasing doses each month. Stool microbiomes were characterized using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Stool metabolomes were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. Statistical comparisons were completed at 6, 8, and 12 months of age. Daily consumption of rice bran was safe and feasible for infant growth, decreasing alpha-1 antitrypsin levels, and modulating gut microbiome and metabolome when compared to control. Rice bran merits investigation as a practical intervention strategy that could decrease EED prevalence and risk for children from low- and middle-income countries where rice is grown as a staple food, and bran is used as animal feed or wasted.One Sentence SummaryDietary rice bran supplementation during infant weaning from 6-12 months of age improved growth outcomes, modulated environmental enteric dysfunction biomarkers, and supported metabolism by the gut microbiome.The authors declare no competing financial or non financial interests to disclose as defined by Nature Research. There are also no other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Dr. Elizabeth Ryan (e.p.ryan@colostate.edu).

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“…The translational features of the piglet model in terms of anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, digestive physiology, components of the immune system, dynamics of neurodevelopment, and morphological structure of CNS foretells its broad applications for mechanistic research in human nutrition, immunity, and neurodevelopment in early life. [176][177][178] Considering that enteric infections are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in early childhood, a well-characterized pig model incorporating enteric pathogen challenges presented by our group (bacterial infection) and others (viral infection) 179,180 is promising in preclinical studies to uncover the mechanism of pathogenesis and evaluate the effects of nutraceutical interventions in youth. The underlying mechanisms will be further explored by combining both functional measurements (i.e., gut permeability, feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, etc.)…”

Section: Further Applications and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Factors in Prevention of PediatricEscherichia coliInfection: A Model Using Domestic Piglets

Liu¹,

2018

ILAR Journal

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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the major etiological agent causing acute watery diarrhea that is most frequently seen in young children in lower-income countries. The duration of diarrheal symptom may be shortened by antibiotic treatment, but ETEC is relative refractory to common antibiotics. Burgeoning evidence suggests bioactive components that naturally occur in human milk (e.g., lysozyme and oligosaccharides) and plants (e.g., nondigestible carbohydrates and phytochemicals) contain antimicrobial functions are promising preventive measures to control ETEC infection. Although the exact protective mechanisms may vary for each compound and are still not completely understood, they generally act to (1) competitively inhibit the binding of pathogenic bacteria and toxins to gut epithelium; (2) directly kill pathogens; and (3) stimulate and/or enhance host mucosal and systemic immune defense against pathogenic microorganisms. An appropriate ETEC-challenge animal model is critical to evaluate the effect and unveil the mechanism of bioactive compounds in prevention of enteric infection. Despite wide application in biomedical research, rodents do not usually manifest typical clinical signs of enteric infections. The remarkable differences in digestive physiology, immune response, and gut microbiota between rodents and human beings necessitate the use of alternative animal models. Pigs are closely related to humans in terms of genomes, physiology, anatomy of gastrointestinal tracts, digestive enzymes, components of immune system, and gut microbiota. Like human infants and young children, nursing and nursery piglets are more susceptible to ETEC infection and reproduce the clinical signs as observed in humans. Hence, the ETEC-challenge piglet represents a valuable translational model to study pathogenesis and evaluate dietary factors (e.g., milk bioactive compounds, nondigestible carbohydrates, and phytochemicals) as preventive measures for ETEC infection in pediatrics.

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High Protective Efficacy of Probiotics and Rice Bran against Human Norovirus Infection and Diarrhea in Gnotobiotic Pigs

Cited by 50 publications

References 61 publications

Rice Bran and Quercetin Produce a Positive Synergistic Effect on Human Gut Microbiota, Elevate the Level of Propionate, and Reduce the Population ofEnterobacteriaceaefamily when Determined using a Bioreactor Model

Rice Bran and Quercetin Produce a Positive Synergistic Effect on Human Gut Microbiota, Elevate the Level of Propionate, and Reduce the Population ofEnterobacteriaceaefamily when Determined using a Bioreactor Model

Rice bran supplementation modulates growth, microbiome and metabolome in weaning infants: a clinical trial in Nicaragua and Mali

Dietary Factors in Prevention of PediatricEscherichia coliInfection: A Model Using Domestic Piglets

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