High Prevalence of viral and bacterial coinfections in malaria in Venezuela

Forero‐Peña, David A.; Mora, Marisol Sandoval de; Rodríguez, Iván D. Amaya; Gamardo, Ángel F.; Chavero, Melynar; Figuera, Luisamy; Camejo-Ávila, Natasha A.; Marcano, María V.; Hidalgo, Mariana; Arenas, Cariagne J; Arévalo‐Herrera, Myriam; Herrera, Sócrates

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-332012/v1

Cited by 3 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Thus, 9 studies [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ] that met the eligibility criteria were included. Another study [ 23 ], identified from Google Scholar, was included. Finally, 10 studies [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] were included for the qualitative and quantitative analyses ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study [ 23 ], identified from Google Scholar, was included. Finally, 10 studies [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] were included for the qualitative and quantitative analyses ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The studies were published between 2013 and 2021. Most of the included studies [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ] were performed in Africa (9/10, 90%), while only 1 was conducted in Venezuela, in 2018 [ 23 ]. Among studies conducted in Africa, 2 were performed in Nigeria in 2008 and 2014 [ 14 , 15 ], 1 in Sudan in 2018 [ 16 ], 2 in Tanzania in 2013 and 2015 [ 17 , 19 ], 1 in Sierra Leone from 2012–2013 [ 18 ], 1 in Mozambique in 2016 [ 20 ], 1 in Senegal from 2009–2013 [ 21 ], and 1 in Kenya from 2014–2015) [ 22 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among studies conducted in Africa, 2 were performed in Nigeria in 2008 and 2014 [ 14 , 15 ], 1 in Sudan in 2018 [ 16 ], 2 in Tanzania in 2013 and 2015 [ 17 , 19 ], 1 in Sierra Leone from 2012–2013 [ 18 ], 1 in Mozambique in 2016 [ 20 ], 1 in Senegal from 2009–2013 [ 21 ], and 1 in Kenya from 2014–2015) [ 22 ]. Most of the included studies were cross-sectional studies (8/10, 80%) [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 ], while the remaining were prospective observational studies [ 16 , 21 ]. Most of the included studies enrolled febrile patients (8/10, 80%), while the remaining enrolled patients suspected to have chikungunya-like illness [ 16 ] and those who had malaria [ 23 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the included studies were cross-sectional studies (8/10, 80%) [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 ], while the remaining were prospective observational studies [ 16 , 21 ]. Most of the included studies enrolled febrile patients (8/10, 80%), while the remaining enrolled patients suspected to have chikungunya-like illness [ 16 ] and those who had malaria [ 23 ]. Seven studies enrolled patients across all age ranges (7/10, 70%), while the remaining enrolled only pediatric subjects [ 17 , 22 ] or only adult subjects [ 23 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Malaria and Chikungunya Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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Co-infection with malaria and chikungunya (CHIKV) could exert a significant public health impact with infection misdiagnosis. Therefore, this study aimed to collect qualitative and quantitative evidence of malaria and CHIKV co-infection among febrile patients. Methods: Potentially relevant studies were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The bias risk of the included studies was assessed using the checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The pooled prevalence of malaria and CHIKV co-infection among febrile patients and the pooled prevalence of CHIKV infection among malaria patients were estimated with the random effect model. The odds of malaria and CHIKV co-infection among febrile patients were also estimated using a random effect model that presumed the heterogeneity of the outcomes of the included studies. The heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using the Cochran Q test and I2 statistics. Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot and Egger’s test. Results: Of the 1924 studies that were identified from the three databases, 10 fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in our study. The pooled prevalence of malaria and CHIKV co-infection (182 cases) among febrile patients (16,787 cases), stratified by diagnostic tests for CHIKV, was 10% (95% confidence interval (CI): 8–11%, I2: 99.5%) using RDT (IgM), 7% (95% CI: 4–10%) using the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), 1% (95% CI: 0–2%, I2: 41.5%) using IgM and IgG ELISA, and 4% (95% CI: 2–6%) using real-time RT-PCR. When the prevalence was stratified by country, the prevalence of co-infection was 7% (95% CI: 5–10%, I2: 99.5%) in Nigeria, 1% (95% CI: 0–2%, I2: 99.5%) in Tanzania, 10% (95% CI: 8–11%) in Sierra Leone, 1% (95% CI: 0–4%) in Mozambique, and 4% (95% CI: 2–6%) in Kenya. The pooled prevalence of CHIKV infection (182 cases) among malaria patients (8317 cases), stratified by diagnostic tests for CHIKV, was 39% (95% CI: 34–44%, I2: 99.7%) using RDT (IgM), 43% (95% CI: 30–57%) using PRNT, 5% (95% CI: 3–7%, I2: 5.18%) using IgM and IgG ELISA, and 9% (95% CI: 6–15%) using real-time RT-PCR. The meta-analysis showed that malaria and CHIKV co-infection occurred by chance (p: 0.59, OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.6–1.07, I2: 78.5%). Conclusions: The prevalence of malaria and CHIKV co-infection varied from 0% to 10% as per the diagnostic test for CHIKV infection or the country where the co-infection was reported. Hence, the clinicians who diagnose patients with malaria infections in areas where two diseases are endemic should further investigate for CHIKV co-infection to prevent misdiagnosis or delayed treatment of concurrent infection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Prevalence of Malaria and Chikungunya Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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Prevalence of Malaria and Leptospirosis Co-Infection among Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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Malaria and leptospirosis are important cosmopolitan infections that have emerged with overlapping geographic distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Therefore, co-infection with malaria and leptospirosis may occur in overlapping areas. The present study aimed to quantify the prevalence of malaria and leptospirosis co-infection among febrile patients. The association between malaria and leptospirosis infections was also investigated. Relevant studies that had reported malaria and leptospirosis co-infection were identified from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The risk of bias of the studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool. The pooled prevalence of malaria and leptospirosis co-infections among febrile patients and the pooled prevalence of leptospirosis infection among malaria patients were estimated using random effect models. The association between malaria and leptospirosis infection among febrile patients was estimated using random effect models. The outcomes of each study were shown in a forest plot in point estimate and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q and quantified using I-squared statistics. For leptospirosis, subgroup analyses of countries, diagnostic tests, and participants’ age groups were performed to specify prevalence in each subgroup. Publication bias was assessed by funnel-plot visualization. Of the 2370 articles identified from the databases, 15 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for qualitative and quantitative syntheses. Most of the included studies were conducted in India (5/15, 33.3%), Thailand (3/15, 20%), and Cambodia (2/15, 13.3%). Most of the enrolled cases were febrile patients (5838 cases) and malaria-positive patients (421 cases). The meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of malaria and leptospirosis co-infection (86 cases) among febrile patients was 1% (95% CI: 1–2%, I2: 83.3%), while the pooled prevalence of leptospirosis infection (186 cases) among malaria patients was 13% (95% CI: 9–18%, I2: 90.3%). The meta-analysis showed that malaria and leptospirosis co-infections occurred by chance (p: 0.434, OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 0.6–3.28, I2: 85.2%). The prevalence of malaria in leptospirosis co-infection among febrile patients in the included studies was low. Co-infection was likely to occur by chance. However, as clinical symptoms of leptospirosis patients were non-specific and not distinguishable from symptoms of malaria patients, clinicians caring for febrile patients in an area where those two diseases are endemic should maintain a high index of suspicion for both diseases and whether mono-infections or co-infections are likely. Recognition of this co-infection may play an important role in reducing disease severity and treatment duration.

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Prevalence of Concomitant Bacteria among malaria Patients attending Government Hospitals in Ondo State, South-West Nigeria

Ajayi

Omoya

Oladunmoye³

et al. 2023

Med Pharm J.

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Background:Patients suffering from severe malaria have an increased risk of co-occurring bacterial sepsis, which results in higher mortality rates than malaria alone. Concomitant bacterial infections can worsen malaria symptoms, leading to increased illness and death rates. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between malaria and concomitant bacteremia among patients in Ondo State, Nigeria.Aim: The study's objective was to determine the prevalence of bacterial concomitant among malaria patients and assess the relationship between malaria and bacteremia in the study population.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among feverish individuals in certain Ondo State government hospitals. One milliliter of blood was collected from malaria-positive patients, confirmed using microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood films, and an Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) kit was cultured for bacterial enumeration. The collected data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square and correlation tests, with a 𝑃value <0.05 considered significant.Result: The study found a concomitant bacteria prevalence of 19.95% (85/426), with a significant (P= <0.001, r = 0.00334) positive correlation between malaria and bacterial concomitant.Age was significantly (p = 0.072, df= 18, χ2 = 27.389) associated with bacterial concomitant, and the mean bacterial count was 9.71±1.481 cfu/ml x 107. Furthermore, level of education, marital status and tribe also significantly (p<0.05) contributed to the prevalence of concomitant bacteria.Conclusion: Our research concludes that malaria may increase the risk of bacteremia, and a significant association between malaria and concomitant bacterial infection exists. However, the reasons for bacteria's abilityto invade and thrive in the bloodstream vary. The study's findings suggest that interventions are needed to address the high prevalence of concomitant bacterial infections among malaria patients in the study area.

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High Prevalence of viral and bacterial coinfections in malaria in Venezuela

Cited by 3 publications

References 40 publications

Prevalence of Malaria and Chikungunya Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of Malaria and Chikungunya Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of Malaria and Leptospirosis Co-Infection among Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of Concomitant Bacteria among malaria Patients attending Government Hospitals in Ondo State, South-West Nigeria

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