High prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi zoonotic genotype D in captive golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) in zoos in China

Abstract

Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the dominant specie of microsporidia which can infect both anthroponotic and zoonotic species. The golden snub-nosed monkey is an endangered primate which can also infect by E. bieneusi. To date, few genetic data on E. bieneusi from golden snub-nosed monkeys has been published. Therefore, to clarify the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in captive golden snub-nosed monkeys is necessary to assess the potential for zoonotic transmission.ResultWe examined 160 golden snub-nosed monkeys from six zoos in four cities in China, using PCR and comparative sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 46.2% (74/160); while the prevalence was 26.7%, 69.1%, 69.4% and 33.3% in Shanghai Zoo, Shanghai Wild Animal Park, Tongling Zoo, and Taiyuan Zoo respectively (P = 0.006). A total of seven E. bieneusi genotypes were found that included four known (D, J, CHG1, and CHG14) and three new (CM19–CM 21) genotypes. The most common genotype was D (54/74, 73.0%), followed by J (14/74, 18.9%); other genotypes were restricted to one or two samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genotype D belonged to the previously-characterized Group 1, with zoonotic potential; whereas genotypes J, CHG1, CHG14 and CM19–CM 21 clustered in the previously-characterized Group 2, the so-called cattle host specificity group.ConclusionsThe findings of high prevalence of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes D and J in golden snub-nosed monkeys suggest that golden snub-nosed monkeys may be the reservoir hosts for human microsporidiosis, and vice versa.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1084-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Rabbits in Xinjiang, China

“…The nine E. bieneusi isolates in this study belonged to three different genotypes, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that genotype J and BEB8 isolates belonged to group 2, while the Type IV isolates were classed as zoonotic group 1 (Fiuza et al 2016;Li et al 2015). Genotype J was the predominant genotype in this study, which agrees with previous studies in cattle, deer, goats, pigeons, golden monkeys, and humans Yu et al 2017;Zhang et al 2011). Our unpublished data also confirmed the presence of genotype J strains (GenBank accession number MG736238) in human patients from Henan Province.…”

The Potential Role of Synanthropic Rodents and Flies in the Transmission of Enterocytozoon bieneusi on a Dairy Cattle farm in China

“…; Yu et al. ). Genotype D is clustered in the zoonotic Group 1 in phylogenetic analysis, together with genotype EbpC, a genotype isolated from one fly batch in this study that has been found in many mammals, including humans (Karim et al.…”

“…BEB6 has been found in water samples, as well as in a vast range of animal species worldwide, including humans, carnivores, ruminants, rodents, nonhuman primates, and birds (Zhao et al 2017). Genotype D, found in two samples from synanthropic rodents, has been identified as the most prevalent genotype in humans, in human wastewater, and in many other animal species Leelayoova et al 2006;Matos et al 2012;Mori et al 2013;Sant ın and Fayer 2011;Wan et al 2016;Yu et al 2017). Genotype D is clustered in the zoonotic Group 1 in phylogenetic analysis, together with genotype EbpC, a genotype isolated from one fly batch in this study that has been found in many mammals, including humans (Karim et al 2014N emejc et al 2014;Tian et al 2015).…”

“…Although E. bieneusi has been widely detected in water and a vast range of animals, little is known about its routes of transmission (Li et al 2012(Li et al , 2013Sant ın and Fayer 2011). Studies have revealed direct and indirect transmission routes (Fayer and Santin-Duran 2014;Zhao et al 2017) and many species of animals have been identified as reservoir hosts of this parasite (Wan et al 2016;Yang et al 2015;Ye et al 2012;Yu et al 2017;Zhang et al 2015). Synanthropic rodents and flies, because of their abundant population and broad active range, threaten public health by the destruction and contamination of food and spreading various pathogens (Penakalapati et al 2017).…”

Zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pre-weaned Korean native calves

“…Moreover, this genotype was commonly identified in all age groups regardless of diarrhea. Several studies have reported that the genotype BEB8 can be found in not only cattle [27,34,35] but also bats [36], rabbits [37], and monkeys [38], indicating that this genotype might have a potential risk for zoonotic infection in humans. obtained in China.…”