High Prevalence of Anorectal Chlamydial Infection in HIV‐Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men in Switzerland

Dang, Thanh; Jaton-Ogay, Katia; Flepp, Markus; Kovari, Helen; Evison, John-Marc; Fehr, Jan; Schmid, Patrick; Amari, Emmanuelle Boffi El; Cavassini, Matthias; Odorico, Massimo; Tarr, Philip E.; Greub, Gilbert

doi:10.1086/644740

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Different clinical samples, including urine, cervicovaginal, and anorectal samples and nasopharyngeal swabs, were collected, and DNA was extracted between 2004 and 2010 by the diagnostic laboratory of the Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne, Switzerland (Tables 3 and 4). These samples were originally tested with a real-time PCR specific for Chlamydia trachomatis (113 samples) (2,13) and with a multiplex real-time PCR (42) detecting specifically Chlamydia pneumoniae but also Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila (15 samples). Positive samples for M. pneumoniae (5 samples) or L. pneumophila (3 samples) were included to confirm the high specificity of the new real-time PCR.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a New Chlamydiales-Specific Real-Time PCR and Its Application to Respiratory Clinical Samples

et al. 2011

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Originally composed of the single family Chlamydiaceae, the Chlamydiales order has extended considerably over the last several decades. Chlamydia-related bacteria were added and classified into six different families and family-level lineages: the Criblamydiaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Piscichlamydiaceae, Rhabdochlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, and Waddliaceae. While several members of the Chlamydiaceae family are known pathogens, recent studies showed diverse associations of Chlamydia-related bacteria with human and animal infections. Some of these latter bacteria might be of medical importance since, given their ability to replicate in free-living amoebae, they may also replicate efficiently in other phagocytic cells, including cells of the innate immune system. Thus, a new Chlamydiales-specific real-time PCR targeting the conserved 16S rRNA gene was developed. This new molecular tool can detect at least five DNA copies and show very high specificity without cross-amplification from other bacterial clade DNA. The new PCR was validated with 128 clinical samples positive or negative for Chlamydia trachomatis or C. pneumoniae. Of 65 positive samples, 61 (93.8%) were found to be positive with the new PCR. The four discordant samples, retested with the original test, were determined to be negative or below detection limits. Then, the new PCR was applied to 422 nasopharyngeal swabs taken from children with or without pneumonia; a total of 48 (11.4%) samples were determined to be positive, and 45 of these were successfully sequenced. The majority of the sequences corresponded to Chlamydia-related bacteria and especially to members of the Parachlamydiaceae family.The Chlamydiales order contains obligate intracellular bacteria separated in 7 different families and family-level lineages, the Chlamydiaceae, the Criblamydiaceae, the Parachlamydiaceae, the Piscichlamydiaceae, the Rhabdochlamydiaceae, the Simkaniaceae, and the Waddliaceae (16,(23)(24)(25). Some of these bacteria are established pathogens and, for instance, Chlamydia trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae from the Chlamydiaceae family can cause significant human infections. The other families constitute a group called Chlamydia-related bacteria (also referred to as Chlamydia-like organisms), which has been yet poorly investigated. Like the Chlamydiaceae, these Chlamydia-related bacteria are obligate intracellular bacteria that also exhibit a biphasic developmental cycle. Serological and molecular studies have implicated some species in various human and animal infections. Parachlamydia acanthamoebae is associated with human pneumonia (6,12,26,27) and might cause bovine abortions (5, 38, 39), and Simkania negevensis might be responsible for respiratory infections, especially in children (18,20,22,28,32,33,35), whereas Waddlia chondrophila has been reported to cause abortion in bovines (14,40) and is strongly suspected to cause miscarriage in humans (3, 4). Some of these newly discovered Chlamydia-related bacteria that resist digestion by several environmental am...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a New Chlamydiales-Specific Real-Time PCR and Its Application to Respiratory Clinical Samples

et al. 2011

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“…Infection of the urethra (and possibly rectum) may increase likelihood of HIV transmission in HIV-positive MSM (97), although interim data from the PARTNER study showed no transmissions from men with undetectable HIV viral loads, despite significant rates of incident bacterial STI (98). Higher rates of gonorrhoea and chlamydia have been reported in HIV-positive MSM than in HIV-negative MSM (99)(100)(101)(102). Thus, more frequent chlamydia and gonorrhoea tests should be considered for sexually active HIV-positive MSM.…”

Section: Chlamydia and Gonorrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

2016 United Kingdom national guideline on the sexual health care of men who have sex with men

et al. 2018

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This guideline is intended for use in UK Genitourinary medicine clinics and sexual health services but is likely to be of relevance in all sexual health settings, including general practice and Contraception and Sexual Health (CASH) services, where men who have sex with men (MSM) seek sexual health care or where addressing the sexual health needs of MSM may have public health benefits. For the purposes of this document, MSM includes all gay, bisexual and all other males who have sex with other males and both cis and trans men. This document does not provide guidance on the treatment of particular conditions where this is covered in other British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) Guidelines but outlines best practice in multiple aspects of the sexual health care of MSM. Where prevention of sexually transmitted infections including HIV can be addressed as an integral part of clinical care, this is consistent with the concept of combination prevention and is included. The document is designed primarily to provide guidance on the direct clinical care of MSM but also makes reference to the design and delivery of services with the aim of supporting clinicians and commissioners in providing effective services. Methodology This document was produced in accordance with the guidance set out in the BASHH CEG’s document ‘Framework for guideline development and assessment’ published in 2010 at http://www.bashh.org/guidelines and with reference to the Agree II instrument. Following the production of the updated framework in April 2015, the GRADE system for assessing evidence was adopted and the draft recommendations were regraded. Search strategy (see also Appendix 1) Ovid Medline 1946 to December 2014, Medline daily update, Embase 1974 to December 2014, Pubmed NeLH Guidelines Database, Cochrane library from 2000 to December 2014. Search language English only. The search for Section 3 was conducted on PubMed to December 2014. Priority was given to peer-reviewed papers published in scientific journals, although for many issues evidence includes conference abstracts listed on the Embase database. In addition, for ‘Identification of problematic recreational drug and alcohol use’ section and ‘Sexual problems and dysfunctions in MSM’ section, searches included PsycINFO. Methods Article titles and abstracts were reviewed and if relevant the full text article was obtained. Priority was given to randomised controlled trial and systematic review evidence, and recommendations made and graded on the basis of best available evidence. Piloting and feedback The first draft of the guideline was circulated to the writing group and to a small group of relevant experts, third sector partners and patient representatives who were invited to comment on the whole document and specifically on particular sections. The revised draft was reviewed by the CEG and then reviewed by the BASHH patient/public panel and posted on the BASHH website for public consultation. The final draft was piloted before publication. Guideline update The guidelines will be reviewed and revised in five years’ time, 2022.

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“…Mixed infections are also prevalent in populations with a high propensity for acquiring STDs (108,111,(130)(131)(132)(133). Moreover, opportunities for intrabiovar recombination events are abundant in coinfections of the rectal mucosa with LGV and noninvasive urogenital strains, such as those from serotypes D, G, J, E, F, and K, that also infect the rectum (134)(135)(136)(137)(138)(139). Alternatively, several reports suggest that chlamydial species might persist in humans as commensals of the lower gastrointestinal tract (reviewed in reference 140), which could provide fertile grounds for inter-and intrabiovar exchange of DNA.…”

Section: Evidence Of Lgt Events Among Chlamydia Clinical Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emancipating Chlamydia: Advances in the Genetic Manipulation of a Recalcitrant Intracellular Pathogen

Bastidas

Valdivia

2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

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SUMMARYChlamydiaspecies infect millions of individuals worldwide and are important etiological agents of sexually transmitted disease, infertility, and blinding trachoma. Historically, the genetic intractability of this intracellular pathogen has hindered the molecular dissection of virulence factors contributing to its pathogenesis. The obligate intracellular life cycle ofChlamydiaand restrictions on the use of antibiotics as selectable markers have impeded the development of molecular tools to genetically manipulate these pathogens. However, recent developments in the field have resulted in significant gains in our ability to alter the genome ofChlamydia, which will expedite the elucidation of virulence mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the challenges affecting the development of molecular genetic tools forChlamydiaand the work that laid the foundation for recent advancements in the genetic analysis of this recalcitrant pathogen.

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High Prevalence of Anorectal Chlamydial Infection in HIV‐Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men in Switzerland

Cited by 28 publications

References 13 publications

Development of a New Chlamydiales-Specific Real-Time PCR and Its Application to Respiratory Clinical Samples

Development of a New Chlamydiales-Specific Real-Time PCR and Its Application to Respiratory Clinical Samples

2016 United Kingdom national guideline on the sexual health care of men who have sex with men

Emancipating Chlamydia: Advances in the Genetic Manipulation of a Recalcitrant Intracellular Pathogen

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