High prevalence, genetic diversity and a potentially novel genotype of Sapelovirus A (Picornaviridae) in enteric and respiratory samples in Hungarian swine farms

Abstract

<jats:p>All of the known porcine sapeloviruses (PSVs) currently belong to a single genotype in the genus <jats:italic>Sapelovirus</jats:italic> (family <jats:italic>Picornaviridae</jats:italic>). Here, the complete genome of a second, possibly recombinant, genotype of PSV strain SZ1M-F/PSV/HUN2013 (MN807752) from a faecal sample of a paraplegic pig in Hungary was characterized using viral metagenomics and RT-PCR. This sapelovirus strain showed only 64 % nucleotide identity in the VP1 region to its closest PSV-1 relative. Complete VP1 sequence-based epidemiological investigations of PSVs circulating in Hungary showed the presence of diverse strains found in high prevalence in enteric and respiratory samples collected from both asymptomatic and paraplegic pigs from 12 swine farms. Virus isolation attempts using PK-15 cell cultures were successful in 3/8 cases for the classic but not the novel PSV genotype. Sequence comparisons of faeces and isolate strains derived VP1 showed that cultured PSV strains not always represent the dominant PSVs found <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>.</jats:p>

Detection and Characterization of Porcine Sapelovirus in Italian Pig Farms

“…Our results indicate that PSV is largely widespread especially among younger animals confirming previous findings observed in Korea [15] Spain [14], the Czech Republic [11], and Hungary [9]. In general, circulation in older animals is not detected or occurs less frequently (Spain and the Czech Republic) [11,14].…”

“…The occurrence of PSV was frequent, the virus was detected on the three farms with 97-100% positive pools in young growers. Besides the limited number of farms investigated, the presence of PSV was apparently higher than reported in previous studies in both India and Spain, [9,14] but similar to the results reported in Hungary [9]. These data confirm a wide circulation of PSV worldwide but with some geographical differences that may be linked to the epidemiology of infections or farm management procedures.…”

“…Sows could be negative for PSV as they are protected by the immune response, which may develop after the exposure to the virus which occurs at a younger age. Nevertheless, a recent study supports the hypothesis that sows are a source of PSV infection in piglets [9].…”

“…The virus has been investigated in pigs worldwide with prevalence ranging between 7.1% in India [8] and 71.0% in Hungary [9].…”

Characterization of a Porcine Sapelovirus Strain Isolated in China

“…Since PSV was rst reported in the UK in 1958 [6], it has been identi ed in many countries, including Canada, Japan, Australia, Brazil, Spain and Korea, and China and other countries worldwide [5,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. PSV infection rates in pigs have been investigated globally, with prevalence rates ranging from 7.1% in India [13] to 71.0% in Hungary [14]. PSV infections have been associated with a wide spectrum of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute fatal encephalomyelitis, reproductive disorders, diarrhoea and pneumonia [12,[15][16][17].…”