High-Power Machines and Starter-Generator Topologies for More Electric Aircraft: A Technology Outlook

Nøland, Jonas Kristiansen; Leandro, Matteo; Suul, Jon Are; Molinas, Marta

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3007791

Cited by 92 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 181 publications

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“…Emissions from aircraft, composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphates, etc., are causing dramatic air pollution with increasing long-distance international travel [1][2]. Electric aircraft has been considered as a solution to zeroemission air travel, which requires low weight, high efficiency, and high power density [3][4]. Superconducting machines, acting as a key component of the electric propulsion system, have provided a possibility for future electric aviation and aerospace industries [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic properties of curved HTS trapped field stacks under high-frequency cross fields for high-speed rotating machines

Zhang

Mueller

2021

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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Superconducting electric propulsion systems, characterized by high power densities and efficiencies, provide a possibility to zero carbon emission for future aviation. Stacks of high temperature superconductor (HTS) coated conductors (CCs) have become an alternative for high field magnets applied to superconducting machines, given their excellent field trapping ability and thermal stability. High-frequency ripple fields always exist in high-speed electric machines. Most research work regarding HTS trapped field stacks (TFSs) was focused on their magnetization methods and amplitude of trapped flux density; however, their performance in the high-frequency environment remains unclear. Despite several numerical models established for flat HTS TFSs, a comprehensive analysis of curved ones is still lacking, which possess geometrical applicability for cylindrical rotating shafts. Aimed at exploring the electromagnetic properties of curved HTS TFSs applied to high-speed rotating machines, a 3D numerical model considering both the multilayer structure and the Jc(B) dependence of HTS CCs has been built. Current and magnetic flux density distributions, as well as loss properties of a curved HTS TFS have been studied in detail, under perpendicular and cross fields with varying frequencies ranging from 50 Hz to 20 kHz. Results have shown that, the widely adopted 2D-axisymmetric models are inapplicable to study the electromagnetic distributions of TFSs because of the emergence of the electromagnetic crisscross defined in this paper. High-frequency ripple fields can drive induced current towards the periphery of the HTS TFS due to the skin effect, leading to a fast rise of AC loss and even an irreversible demagnetization of the stack. This paper has qualified and quantified the highfrequency electromagnetic hehaviours of curved HTS TFSs, providing a useful reference for their loss controlling and anti-demagnetization design in high-speed propulsion machines.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic properties of curved HTS trapped field stacks under high-frequency cross fields for high-speed rotating machines

Zhang

Mueller

2021

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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“…The only commercial HTS company using the alternative rotating electric motor is Zeleros, which pursues aerodynamic propulsion. This is similar to airplanes, where rotating machines are widely applied [63]- [65].…”

Section: Hyperloop Propulsion Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 88%

Prospects and Challenges of the Hyperloop Transportation System: A Systematic Technology Review

Nøland

2021

IEEE Access

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The present article outlines the core technologies needed to realize the Hyperloop transportation system (HTS). Currently, the HTS vacuum tube train concept is viewed as the fastest way to cross the earth's surface. However, the concept has not yet been demonstrated for subsonic or near-sonic speeds in large-scale implementations. Among the challenging technical areas are the tube's depressurization, the capsule's air resistance, and choked flows occurring around the capsule. There is also a need for effective levitation and propulsion solutions compatible with the velocities being proposed. Moreover, several conflicting objectives have been identified in the HTS design. It is highlighted that the tubes should be wide enough to lower the capsule's drag forces but that a large-sized tube comes at the expense of higher operational energy costs and infrastructure investments. Another struggle is aiming at a low-cost passive track design and, and at the same time, a lightweight vehicle. One technical path is to turn the whole guideway into an electric propulsor, arriving at a 'lightweight capsule solution' (LCS). Alternatively, the vehicle could be transformed into a 'modified airplane' that stores massive amounts of onboard energy, yielding an energy-autonomous 'low infrastructure solution' (LIS). In a case study, it is shown that even LIS technology is compatible with short-haul flights (1500 km) but that it requires an energy reservoir of about 30 % of the capsule's overall mass. Results and discussions presented in this paper are supported by analytical predictions with parameters or input data either supported by referred simulations or experiments. In general, the paper aims to open up the discussion, provide a sufficient understanding of the Hyperloop field's multidisciplinary aspects, and establish a foundation for further investigations. In the end, new research tasks have been defined, which have the potential to go beyond the state of current knowledge.

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“…Therefore, adopting an integrated drive (i.e. a short connection cable) can be a suitable methodology for reducing this overvoltage, also considering the progressive push towards even-faster switching power modules and higher operating voltages in aerospace [41,42]. For wrapping up, the impact of the operating environment on the PD inception in aerospace machines is qualitatively illustrated in Table III, which is compiled according to all the analyses presented throghout this work, and summarised in this Section.…”

Section: Implications On the Design Of Aerospace Machinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Machines for the More Electric Aircraft: Partial Discharges Investigation

Madonna

Giangrande

Zhao³

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applicat.

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Modern electrical machines employed in transportation applications are required to provide high performance in terms of power (and torque) density. At the same time, being these applications safety-critical, a significant level of reliability and/or fault tolerance is expected. Among all the factors which can compromise motors reliability, partial discharges inception is one of the most crucial, in particular for low voltage, random wound machines. This paper presents an extensive experimental investigation on partial discharges in electrical machines for aerospace applications. Measurements are carried out using both sinusoidal and fast-rising pulses in a representative aerospace environment, emulating the typical ambient conditions encountered throughout a commercial aircraft mission, and beyond (i.e. down to 30 mbar). As a main result of the investigation, it is proved that electrical machines employed for actuating primary flight control surfaces feature a higher risk of partial discharges inception. Therefore, their insulation system demands an extremely careful design.

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High-Power Machines and Starter-Generator Topologies for More Electric Aircraft: A Technology Outlook

Cited by 92 publications

References 181 publications

Electromagnetic properties of curved HTS trapped field stacks under high-frequency cross fields for high-speed rotating machines

Electromagnetic properties of curved HTS trapped field stacks under high-frequency cross fields for high-speed rotating machines

Prospects and Challenges of the Hyperloop Transportation System: A Systematic Technology Review

Electrical Machines for the More Electric Aircraft: Partial Discharges Investigation

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