High-power lithium ion microbatteries from interdigitated three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous electrodes

Abstract

High-performance miniature power sources could enable new microelectronic systems. Here we report lithium ion microbatteries having power densities up to 7.4 mW cm À 2 mm À 1 , which equals or exceeds that of the best supercapacitors, and which is 2,000 times higher than that of other microbatteries. Our key insight is that the battery microarchitecture can concurrently optimize ion and electron transport for high-power delivery, realized here as a three-dimensional bicontinuous interdigitated microelectrodes. The battery microarchitecture affords trade-offs between power and energy density that result in a high-performance power source, and which is scalable to larger areas.

A colloidoscope of colloid-based porous materials and their uses

“…Additional functional properties can be introduced to the inverse opal matrix by various surface modification techniques. The interconnected porosity enables the entire surface to be modified uniformly, for example using atomic layer deposition (ALD) [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] or electrodeposition 26,[73][74][75][76] techniques. The matrix material can also be conveniently chosen to allow for simple and reliable introduction of a rich variety of surface functionalities at a molecular level, for example via silane chemistry.…”

“…Because the nanoparticles are fully embedded in the matrix, they do not dislodge from the structure, and the efficiency is stable even after hundreds of cycles ( Figure 28B). 62 Alternatively, active electrode materials can easily be grown on conducting supports to produce a layered structure, 26,415,416,425,465 as shown in Figure 29. With hierarchical structures, the charge can quickly travel from the active site to the conducting matrix, where it can be collected before recombination.…”

“…341,458 Much like for catalysis, the macroporous structure of CBPM provides for easier diffusion to the active surface; in electrodes, fast ion diffusion means faster charging and reaction rates. 430 Ordered, inverse structures have been particularly well investigated as a means of controlling ion transport, for example in Li-ion batteries, 26,428,466 Li-air batteries, 431 dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), 450 and fuel cells. 432,433 These colloid-templated structures have also been used as separators in batteries 184 and fuel cells 434 due to their ability to control ion diffusion.…”

“…For example, interdigitated microbatteries are possible where the anode and cathode alternate on the scale of tens of microns ( Figure 31). 26 Using patterning, Pikul et al achieved Li-ion batteries with extraordinary energy and power densities. CBPM have also been used as separators in batteries 184 and fuel cells, 434 where they were grown within the confines of the other layers of the cells.…”

“…CBPM have also been used as separators in batteries 184 and fuel cells, 434 where they were grown within the confines of the other layers of the cells. 26 Reproduced with permission from Nature Publishing Group.…”