High potassium-induced activation of choline-acetyltransferase in human neocortex: implications and species differences

Sigle, J.-P.; Zander, J; Ehret, Andreas; Honegger, Juergen; Jackisch, Rolf; Feuerstein, Thomas J.

doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00040-6

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…To date, the only comparative study involving cortical ACh input involved measuring the amount of potassium‐induced ChAT activity in mouse versus human neocortical slices (Sigle et al,2003). Relative to mice, only a very low concentration of potassium was required to induce ChAT activity in humans (Sigle et al,2003). Direct comparisons of ACh cortical input between different species have not been reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sections were removed from the freezer and rinsed a minimum of 10 × 5 minutes in PBS. A 1‐in‐10 series (human samples and chimpanzee primary motor cortex) or a 1:20 series (macaque samples and chimpanzee frontal lobe) for each area was immunohistochemically stained for ChAT using an affinity‐purified polyclonal goat anti‐ChAT antibody raised against human placental ChAT (AB144P, Chemicon, Temecula, CA) to measure ACh‐containing fibers (Ichikawa and Hirata,1986; Lewis,1991; Mesulam et al,1992; Sigle et al,2003). This polyclonal ChAT antiserum stains a single band of 68 kDa molecular weight on Western immunoblot in human brain tissue (Bruce et al,1985; Grossman et al,1995; Gill et al, 2007).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cholinergic innervation of the frontal cortex: Differences among humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys

Raghanti

Stimpson

Marcinkiewicz

et al. 2007

J of Comparative Neurology

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Cholinergic innervation of the frontal cortex is important in higher cognitive functions and may have been altered in humans relative to other species to support human-specific intellectual capacities. To evaluate this hypothesis we conducted quantitative comparative analyses of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive axons in cortical areas 9, 32, and 4 among humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys. Area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in inductive reasoning and specific components of working memory processes, while area 32 of the medial prefrontal cortex has been implicated in theory of mind. Area 4 (primary motor cortex) was also evaluated because it is not directly associated with higher cognitive functions. The findings revealed no quantitative species differences in the three cortical areas examined, indicating that human cognitive specializations are not related to a quantitative increase in cortical cholinergic input. However, species-specific morphological specializations were observed. Clusters of cholinergic fibers that may be indicative of cortical plasticity events were present in chimpanzees and humans, but not in macaques. The other significant morphology noted was the common and distinctive oval or ovoid perisomatic staining in macaque cortices. This feature was also sporadically observed in chimpanzee cortex. Our findings suggest a potential alteration of cortical cholinergic afferents within the prefrontal cortex of humans and chimpanzees, to the exclusion of macaque monkeys.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic innervation of the frontal cortex: Differences among humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys

Raghanti

Stimpson

Marcinkiewicz

et al. 2007

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…High [K + ] concentration and dynamin 1 expression are also implicated in presynaptic vesicular recycling, ChAT activity, and decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE), enzymes involved in ACh degradation [42]. Elevated [K + ] evokes the release of stored ACh via increased presynaptic vesicular recycling [74] and ChAT activity [75]. Interestingly, the combination of A β oligomers and cerebral ischemia in rats attenuated this response to elevated [K + ]-evoked ACh release and mimics cognitive impairment in early AD [43].…”

Section: Protective Effects Of Yks On Pd-like Symptoms In Animal Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Application of Yokukansan as a Remedy for Parkinson’s Disease

Jang

Jung

Kim

et al. 2018

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by complex motor and nonmotor symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of PD is defined by bradykinesia and other cardinal motor features, although several nonmotor symptoms are also related to disability, an impaired quality of life, and shortened life expectancy. Levodopa, which is used as a standard pharmacotherapy for PD, has limitations including a short half-life, fluctuations in efficacy, and dyskinesias with long-term use. There have been efforts to develop complementary and alternative therapies for incurable PD. Yokukansan (YKS) is a traditional herbal medicine that is widely used for treating neurosis, insomnia, and night crying in children. The clinical efficacy of YKS for treating behavioral and psychological symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, and impaired agitation/aggression subscale and activities of daily living scores, has mainly been investigated in the context of neurological disorders such as PD, Alzheimer's disease, and other psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, YKS has previously been found to improve clinical symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairments, pain, and tardive dyskinesia. Preclinical studies have reported that the broad efficacy of YKS for various symptoms involves its regulation of neurotransmitters including GABA, serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine, as well as the expression of dynamin and glutamate transporters, and changes in glucocorticoid hormones and enzymes such as choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase. Moreover, YKS has neuroprotective effects at various cellular levels via diverse mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the clinical efficacy and neuropharmacological effects of YKS. We discuss the possible mechanisms underpinning the effects of YKS on neuropathology and suggest that the multiple actions of YKS may be beneficial as a treatment for PD. We highlight the potential that YKS may serve as a complementary and alternative strategy for the treatment of PD.

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