High-performance Ti-6Al-4V with graded microstructure and superior properties fabricated by powder feeding underwater laser metal deposition

Wang, Z.D.; Lu, Yi; Chen, M.Z.; Lan, Huifang; Bi, Kedong; Ni, Zhen Hua

doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126778

Cited by 30 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only a few metals have been investigated for application in underwater 3D printing [22,49]. The most advanced work was performed with titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V for the site repair of marine equipment in underwater environments, using laser metal deposition (LMD) [49]. For this purpose, the researchers used a specially designed drainage nozzle, which ensured a local dry chamber for this process [49].…”

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most advanced work was performed with titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V for the site repair of marine equipment in underwater environments, using laser metal deposition (LMD) [49]. For this purpose, the researchers used a specially designed drainage nozzle, which ensured a local dry chamber for this process [49]. The obtained results show that this technology can be useful for the fabrication and repair of tailored components or parts with complex shapes in underwater environments [49].…”

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Additive Manufacturing in Underwater Applications

Korniejenko,

Gądek,

Dynowski

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly named 3D printing, is a promising technology for many applications. It is the most viable option for widespread use in automated construction processes, especially for harsh environments such as underwater. Some contemporary applications of this technology have been tested in underwater environments, but there are still a number of problems to be solved. This study focuses on the current development of 3D printing technology for underwater applications, including the required improvements in the technology itself, as well as new materials. Information about underwater applications involving part fabrication via AM is also provided. The article is based on a literature review that is supplemented by case studies of practical applications. The main findings show that the usage of additive manufacturing in underwater applications can bring a number of advantages—for instance, increasing work safety, limiting the environmental burden, and high efficiency. Currently, only a few prototype applications for this technology have been developed. However, underwater additive manufacturing is a promising tool to develop new, effective applications on a larger scale. The technology itself, as well as the materials used, still require development and optimization.

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Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Additive Manufacturing in Underwater Applications

Korniejenko,

Gądek,

Dynowski

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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“…A laser has excellent temporal and spatial coherence, is similar to radio waves, easy to modulate, and the frequency of the modulation laser can be set very high. This setting can be made in order to repair cracks on the surface of the titanium alloy, and 3D printing and other modes of industry can meet the actual demand of the optical fiber laser output power and speed [ 20 ]. This paper studied the high-power, miserably temporal modulation characteristics of a glass fiber laser, which implemented the PWM-800W fiber laser with a maximum 20 kHz modulation frequency and a duty cycle adjustable modulation laser output stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ti6Al4V Alloy Remelting by Modulation Laser: Deep Penetration, High Compactness and Metallurgical Bonding with Matrix

et al. 2022

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Titanium alloys are famous for their light weight, high strength, and heat- and corrosion-resistant properties. However, the excellent mechanical properties are closely related to its microstructure. Innovative machining operations are required for the welding, surface strengthening, and repairs to ensure the refining of the crystalline structure for improved strength requirements, enhanced mechanical properties, and integrating strength. By direct laser melting on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the differences of molten pools under continuous and modulated laser mode were compared in the article. Under the same power, the heat influence zone of the laser pool could be reduced to 1/3 of that of the continuous laser. The deep molten pool could be obtained by a continuous laser by the action of high energy density. The tensile property changed a lot between different depths of melt penetration. A high-density, fine-grain molten pool could be obtained under the action of a high-frequency (20 kHz) modulation laser. The mechanical properties of the tensile sample between different depths of melt penetration, which contained the remelting zone, were close to the substrate. The research conclusions can provide technical support for the development of laser remelting processing technology.

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“…Similar to the underwater laser welding technology, the underwater laser cladding technology could be divided into two categories: the wet method and the local dry method. In terms of underwater wet laser cladding, Cui et al [ 13 , 14 ] studied the underwater wet laser cladding technology of a nickel–aluminum–bronze alloy based on the way of presetting protective coating on the base metal surface. The results show that the semi-volatile protective coating could prevent the water environment from immersing the cladding layer, reducing the shielding effect of the underwater photoplasma on the laser beam, and obtaining a continuous single cladding layer at 10 mm water depth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Formation of Laser-Cladded Layer on Thin-Walled Tube of Aluminum Alloy in Underwater Environment

et al. 2021

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The first study of thin-walled aluminum-alloy tubes with underwater-laser-nozzle in situ melting technology was carried out. The study mainly covered the influence of the water environment on the laser melting process, melting appearance, geometric characteristics, microstructure, regional segregation and microhardness. During the transfer of the cladding environment from air to water, the uniformity of the cladding layer became poor, but excellent metallurgical bonding was still obtained. The dilution rate (D) decreased from 0.46 to 0.33, while the shape factor (S) increased from 4.38 to 5.98. For the in-air and underwater samples, the microstructure of the melting zone (MZ) and the cladding zone (CZ) were columnar dendrites and equiaxed grains, respectively. In addition, the microstructure of the overlapping zone (OZ) was composed of columnar dendrites and equiaxed grains. The underwater average grain size was smaller than that of in-air. In addition, the water environment was beneficial for reducing the positive segregation in the columnar dendrite region. Compared with the in-air cladding sample, the precipitated phases in the OZ of the underwater cladding sample reduced. Under the combined action of grain refinement and precipitated phase reduction, the microhardness value of the underwater OZ was higher than that of the in-air OZ.

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High-performance Ti-6Al-4V with graded microstructure and superior properties fabricated by powder feeding underwater laser metal deposition

Cited by 30 publications

References 37 publications

Additive Manufacturing in Underwater Applications

Additive Manufacturing in Underwater Applications

Ti6Al4V Alloy Remelting by Modulation Laser: Deep Penetration, High Compactness and Metallurgical Bonding with Matrix

In Situ Formation of Laser-Cladded Layer on Thin-Walled Tube of Aluminum Alloy in Underwater Environment

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