High-performance symmetric lithium-ion batteries constructed with a new bi-functional electrode Li- and Mn-rich layered oxide 0.3Li2MnO3·0.7LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2

Utilization of symmetric electrode materials in energy storage application: A review

“…After the calcination at 900°C with the Li 2 CO 3 precursor, the synthesized LMRO material also showed a spherical shape but was loosely packed compared with the carbonate precursor, as shown in Figure 3B,C. FT‐IR spectrum of the calcined sample indicates the removal of peaks corresponding to the carbonate group, and new peaks form at 568 cm −1 which indicates the O–Mn–O vibrations and asymmetric stretching of MO 6, 28,51‐53 confirming the LMRO formation. Figure 3D shows the CV curve of the Li and Mn‐rich layered oxide material 0.3Li 2 MnO 3 0.7LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (LMRO) for the symmetric cell configuration.…”

“…Toward developing symmetric Li batteries with high specific capacity and energy density, the traditional LMROs (Li and Mn‐rich layered oxide) were analyzed in symmetric configuration by Jin et al 28 This symmetric cell with the 0.3Li 2 MnO 3 . 0.7LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 gave the highest reported values for specific capacity and energy density compared with all symmetric configurations in Li, Na, and Potassium ion batteries.…”

“…In contrast to the nonsymmetric batteries which use different cathode and anode active materials, which necessitates different methods for their fabrication, 23 symmetric batteries have various advantages. The most important of them is the ease of fabrication, reduced production cost, as the same materials are being used for cathode and anode electrode, 2 reduced volume expansion, 2,26,27 and increased safety due to the limitation of Li dendrite formation at low working potentials 25,28 . Additionally, any unwanted side reactions between the electrolyte and the Li foil are also eliminated by using symmetric electrodes 25 .…”

“…Currently, there is active research progress in developing symmetric electrode materials with reduced costs, high energy density, and safer designs 25 . The symmetric battery materials were a breakthrough in the world of batteries, which enabled, for the first time the use of the same material as both electrodes 28 . In the symmetric battery configuration, the cell volume is maintained because the expansion in anode volume during the discharge is equally compensated by the shrinkage in the cathode volume and hence the cell volume is maintained consistent 2,29 .…”

“…Only a few materials possess this double redox couple properties, especially in Li and Na‐ion battery electrode materials. They are mainly based on types of vanadate salts, phosphate salts, and titanate salts 28 . The Li and Na being the most predominant battery material, symmetric battery materials are widely analyzed in these systems.…”