High-performance Sn@carbon nanocomposite anode for lithium batteries

Seo

et al. 2015

Energy Environ. Sci.

328

256

Battery chemistry based on earth-abundant elements has great potential for the development of cost-effective, large-scale energy storage systems. Herein, we report, for the first time, that maricite NaFePO 4 can function as an excellent cathode material for Na ion batteries, an unexpected result since it has been regarded as an electrochemically inactive electrode for rechargeable batteries. Our investigation of the Na re-(de)intercalation mechanism reveals that all Na ions can be deintercalated from the nano-sized maricite NaFePO 4 with simultaneous transformation into amorphous FePO 4 . Our quantum mechanics calculations show that the underlying reason for the remarkable electrochemical activity of NaFePO 4 is the significantly enhanced Na mobility in the transformed phase, which is $one fourth of the hopping activation barrier. Maricite NaFePO 4 , fully sodiated amorphous FePO 4 , delivered a capacity of 142 mA h g À1 (92% of the theoretical value) at the first cycle, and showed outstanding cyclability with a negligible capacity fade after 200 cycles (95% retention of the initial cycle).The demand for large-scale energy storage systems (EESs) has prompted considerable effort in the development of new types of batteries with cost-effective and sustainable properties. While the high cost of current Li ion batteries (LIBs) remains one of the major hurdles towards large-scale energy storage applications, 1-12 battery chemistry based on earth-abundant elements offers a feasible solution. Recently, Na ion batteries (NIBs) have been considered as a promising alternative to LIBs since the underlying electrochemical reaction is similar to that of LIBs, but is based on the unlimited resources of Na from seawater. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The use of redox chemistry using earth abundant transition metals would provide the optimal combination with Na electrochemistry further highlighting the advantage of NIBs.In recent years, considerable research has been carried out on Fe-based electrode materials for use in NIBs. Broader contextWe report, for the rst time, that maricite NaFePO 4 can function as an excellent cathode material for Na ion batteries, an unexpected result since it has been regarded as an electrochemically inactive electrode for rechargeable batteries. Our investigation of the Na re-(de)intercalation mechanism reveals that all Na ions can be deintercalated from the nanosized maricite NaFePO 4 with simultaneous transformation into amorphous FePO 4 . Our quantum mechanics calculations show that the underlying reason for the remarkable electrochemical activity of NaFePO 4 is the signicantly enhanced Na mobility in the transformed phase, which is $one fourth of the hopping activation barrier. Maricite NaFePO 4 , fully sodiated amorphous FePO 4 , delivered a capacity of 142 mA h g À1 (92% of the theoretical value) at the rst cycle, and showed outstanding cyclability with a negligible capacity fade aer 200 cycles (95% retention of the initial cycle).540 | Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 540-545This jour...

Section: Ev)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected discovery of low-cost maricite NaFePO₄as a high-performance electrode for Na-ion batteries

Seo

et al. 2015

Energy Environ. Sci.

328

256

“…Recently, there has been development on using metallic and intermetallic materials as anodes for NIBs [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . For example, Na can alloy with Sn and Sb to form Na 15 Sn 4 and Na 3 Sb, respectively, resulting in a theoretical capacity of 847 mAh g À 1 and 660 mAh g À 1 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-capacity antimony sulphide nanoparticle-decorated graphene composite as anode for sodium-ion batteries

Prikhodchenko

Mason³

et al. 2013

Nat Commun

501

349

Sodium-ion batteries are an alternative to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale applications. However, low capacity and poor rate capability of existing anodes are the main bottlenecks to future developments. Here we report a uniform coating of antimony sulphide (stibnite) on graphene, fabricated by a solution-based synthesis technique, as the anode material for sodium-ion batteries. It gives a high capacity of 730 mAh g À 1 at 50 mA g À 1 , an excellent rate capability up to 6C and a good cycle performance. The promising performance is attributed to fast sodium ion diffusion from the small nanoparticles, and good electrical transport from the intimate contact between the active material and graphene, which also provides a template for anchoring the nanoparticles. We also demonstrate a battery with the stibnite-graphene composite that is free from sodium metal, having energy density up to 80 Wh kg À 1 . The energy density could exceed that of some lithium-ion batteries with further optimization.

Advanced Energy Materials

“…Electrostatic spinning is a good choice to produce Sn/C nanocomposites with fibrous structures, [120][121][122] and the morphologies of the nanocomposite could be easily controlled by tuning the precursor parameters or the structure of electrospinning spinnerets. [109,[120][121][122][123][124][125] Using a coaxial electrospinning technique, Yu et al prepared Sn nanoparticles encapsulated in bamboo-like hollow carbon nanofibers by simultaneous pyrolysis of tributyltin (TBT) core and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) shell. [121] Because of the synergetic effect of this novel structure to buffer the volumetric change and enhance the conductivity of active materials, a high specific capacity up to 737 mA h g −1 and capacity retention of 90% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C were obtained.…”

Section: Composite Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

Wang

Zhang

Lee

et al. 2017

189

107

density. Therefore, developing highcapacity anode and cathode materials or new battery systems have drawn extensive attentions. [6,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Metal anodes, especially those with high-capacity and low-cost are promising alternative anode materials for LIBs in replace of graphite anode. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Generally, the metal anodes electrochemically alloy/ de-alloy with Li + to complete the battery reaction, which can store more energy than the intercalation/deintercalation mechanism in graphite. Table 1 displays the electrochemical properties of typical metallic anodes (Al, Sn, Zn, Mg, Sb, and Bi) with Li and graphite for comparison. While the graphite anodes suffer from low capacity (372 mA h g −1 ) and Li anodes suffer from severe safety issues caused by lithium dendrites, these metal anodes have many advantages in terms of high theoretical capacities, moderate operation potential for less dendrites formation, high abundance and low cost. [35] For example, aluminum has high theoretical capacity (993 mA h g −1 or 1411 mA h cm −3 for LiAl) with moderate potential plateau (≈0.38 V vs Li + /Li). [35,36] Considering both of the capacity increase and voltage drop by using metal anodes in a LIB model, Obrovac et al. calculated the volumetric energy increase in comparison to graphite based commercial battery (Table 1). [37] In such a model, the volumetric energy densities could be increased by different extents ranging from 10-42% when metal anodes were used. It is worth noticing that some recent studies have raised the idea of directly using metal foil as active anode material and simultaneously current collector. [38,39] This strategy can eliminate the usage of binder and conductive carbon black for anode preparation, simplify the battery processing steps, and also increase the loading amount of active materials, thus further enhancing the energy density and reducing the battery prices.While the metal anodes show good potential for application in high-performance LIBs, the main challenge for these metallic anodes is their large volume change caused by lithiation/delithiation process during cycling. [37,40,41] As the lithiation proceeds more deeply, the volume change becomes more severely for alloying anodes. For instance, the volume change of Sn (260%, Li 4.4 Sn) is larger than Al (97%, LiAl). The huge volume change could cause crack and pulverization of metal anodes, resulting in quick capacity decay and short cycling life. [42][43][44][45][46] Besides, metallic anode materials usually exhibited high first-cycle capacity loss due to their high reactivity withThe ever-growing market of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has significantly stimulated research interests on new-generation rechargeable battery systems with high energy density, satisfying safety and low cost. With unique potentials to achieve high energy density and low cost, rechargeable batteries based on metal anodes are capable of storing more energy via an alloying/de-alloying process, in comparison to tradi...